Traceroute - Linux Command - Unix Command

traceroute - sindikizani mapaketi amtundu wotenga kupita ku intaneti

Zosinthasintha

traceroute [ -dFInrvx ] [ -f first_ttl ] [ -g chipata ]

[ -iwonekedwe ] [ -m max_ttl] [ -p port ]

[ -squery ] [ -s src_addr ] [ -t tos ]

[ -m nthawi yodikira ] [ -z pausemsecs ]

[ packetlen ]

Kufotokozera

Intaneti ndi gulu lalikulu komanso lovuta kwambiri la mafayili a pawebusaiti, olumikizidwa pamodzi ndi njira. Kufufuza njira yomwe mapepala amatsatira (kapena kupeza njira yosokoneza yomwe imataya mapaketi) kungakhale kovuta. Traceroute amagwiritsa ntchito IP protocol `nthawi yoti azikhala 'ndi kuyesa kuyambitsa yankho la ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED kuchokera pa chipata chilichonse pamsewu wopita kwa ena.

Chinthu chokha chovomerezeka choyimira ndi dzina lopempha alendo kapena malo a IP . Pulogalamu yamakono yopangira mawonekedwe ndi 40 bytes , koma izi zikhoza kuwonjezeka posonyeza pakiti kutalika (mwa bytes) pambuyo dzina loyitanidwa dzina.

Zosankha zina ndi izi:

-f

Ikani nthawi yoyamba yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu pakiti yoyamba yowonongeka.

-F

Ikani "musapunule" pang'ono.

-d

Thandizani mlingo wazitsulo.

-g

Tchulani njira yowonongeka yopita kumalo osungira (8 maximum).

-i

Tchulani mawonekedwe a intaneti kuti mupeze apulogalamu ya IP yopezera mapaketi owonetsera. Izi zimakhala zothandiza pokhapokha pa gulu la anthu ambiri. (Onaninso - mbendera ya njira ina yochitira izi.)

-I

Gwiritsani ntchito ICMP ECHO m'malo mwa UDP datagrams.

-m

Ikani nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito (mawindo ambirimbiri) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mapepala. Zosasintha ndi ma hopu 30 (osasintha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma TCP).

-n

Sungani makalata ojambula pamtundu osati m'malo mophiphiritsira ndi manambala (amasunga dzina la adiresi ya nameserver pa chipata chilichonse chomwe chikupezeka panjira).

-p

Sungani nambala ya phukusi ya UDP yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu probes (zosasintha ndi 33434). Traceroute akuyembekeza kuti palibe chimene chikukumvetsera pa UDP ports chotsatira kukhazikitsa + nhops - 1 kumalo obwera kumene (kotero Uthenga wa ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE udzabwezeretsedwa kuti athetse njirayo). Ngati chinachake chikukumvetsera pa doko muzitha zosasinthika, njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kusankha chotsatira chosagwiritsidwa ntchito.

-r

Lembetsani masitepe omwe mumakhala nawo nthawi zonse ndikukutumizirani mwachindunji pa intaneti. Ngati woyang'anirayo sali pa intaneti, cholakwika chimabweretsedwa. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ping munthu wamba m'malo mwa mawonekedwe omwe alibe njira kudzera (mwachitsanzo, pambuyo mawonekedwe anachotsedwa mwa njira (8C)).

-s

Gwiritsani ntchito adilesi yotsatira ya IP (yomwe nthawi zambiri imapatsidwa ngati nambala ya IP, osati dzina la eni ake) monga aderesi pamapaketi omwe amachokera. M'magulu ambiri omwe ali ndi ma intaneti (omwe ali ndi adiresi yambiri ya IP), njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukakamiza adilesiyi kukhala chinthu china osati adresse ya IP ya mawonekedwe omwe pulotete imatumizidwa. Ngati adilesi ya IP si imodzi yamakalata owonetsera makina awa, vuto limabweretsedwa ndipo palibe kutumizidwa. (Onani i- mbendera ya njira ina yochitira izi.)

-t

Ikani mtundu wa utumiki mu mapepala apulojekiti ku mtengo wotsatira (zero zosasintha). Mtengo uyenera kukhala wokhala decimal mu 0 mpaka 255. Njirayi ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwona ngati mitundu yosiyana-yautumiki imabweretsa njira zosiyanasiyana. (Ngati simukuyenda 4.4bsd, izi zikhoza kukhala maphunziro kuyambira pazinthu zamakono monga telnet ndi ftp musakulole kuti muyang'anire TOS). Sikuti malamulo onse a TOS ndi ovomerezeka kapena olondola - onani IP spec specs. Miyezo yopindulitsa mwina ndi ` -t 16 '(kuchepetsedwa mochedwa) ndi` -t 8 ' (kupititsa patsogolo).

-v

Verbose zotsatira. Adalandira mapepala a ICMP kupatula TIME_EXCEEDED ndi UNREACHABLEs adatchulidwa.

-w

Ikani nthawi (mumasekondi) kuti mudikire yankho la kafukufuku (osasintha 5 mphindi).

-x

Sinthani ma checksums ap. Kawirikawiri, izi zimalepheretsa traceroute kuwerengera ip checksums. Nthawi zina, machitidwewa amatha kulembetsa zigawo za pakiti yomwe imatuluka koma osati kubwezeretsanso checksum (kotero nthawi zina kusasintha sikuyenera kuwerengera checksamu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito -x kumawapangitsa kuti awonongeke). Onani kuti checksums nthawi zambiri amafunikanso kugwiritsira ntchito ICMP ECHO ( -I ). Kotero iwo nthawizonse amawerengedwa pamene akugwiritsa ntchito ICMP.

-z

Ikani nthawi (mu milliseconds) kuti muime pakati pa ma probes (osasintha 0). Machitidwe ena monga Solaris ndi maulendo monga Ciscos mlingo malire icmp mauthenga. Chofunika kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito izi ndi 500 (mwachitsanzo 1/2 kachiwiri).

Pulogalamuyi ikuyesa kufufuza njira yomwe IP packet ingatsatire kwa intaneti yogonjetsa pulogalamuyi poyambitsa mapaketi a UDP ndi ttl (nthawi yoti akhalemo) ndikumvetsera kwa ICMP "nthawi yoposa" yankho kuchokera ku chipatala. Timayambitsa ma probes ndi ttl imodzi ndikuwonjezerapo mpaka tipeze ICMP "doko yopanda kupezeka" (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera "kuyitanira") kapena kugunda max (yomwe imasokonekera ku hotop 30 & ingasinthidwe ndi -m mbendera). Mapulotatu atatu (kusintha ndi -q mbendera) amatumizidwa pa ttl iliyonse ndipo mzere umasindikizidwa kuwonetsa ttl, adiresi ya pakhomo ndi nthawi yoyendayenda yopenda. Ngati mayankho a kafukufuku akuchokera ku njira zosiyanasiyana, adiresi ya njira iliyonse yotsatila idzasindikizidwa. Ngati palibe yankho pasanathe mphindi zisanu. nthawi yopuma nthawi (yosinthidwa ndi -w flag), "*" imasindikizidwa kuti ayambe kufufuza.

Sitikufuna kuti apite kukalowetsa phukusi la UDP kuti phukusi lolowera lifike ku mtengo wosayembekezereka (ngati chovala china pamalopo chikugwiritsira ntchito mtengowo, chingasinthidwe ndi -p flag).

Chitsanzo chogwiritsira ntchito ndi kutulutsidwa kungakhale:

[yak 71]% traceroute nis.nsf.net. traceroute kwa nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), 30 hops max, 38 pateti paketi 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms 19 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32. 216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms 8 129.140. 70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms 80 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nicmmerit.edu (35.1 .1.48) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms

Onani kuti mizere 2 ndi 3 ndi ofanana. Izi zimachokera ku kernel kansalu ka 2b system - lbl-csam.arpa - yomwe imatsogolera mapeti okhala ndi zero ttl (bugulu mu 4.3BSD). Dziwani kuti muyenera kuganiza kuti mapaketi amatenga dziko lanji kuyambira NSFNet (129.140) sapereka kumasulira kwa dzina la NSS.

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi:

[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. traceroute kwa allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), makoswe 30 max 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 19 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms 5 ccn-nerif22 59 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms 39 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms 8 129.140.70.13 (msangamsanga) 129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * 15 * * 17 * 18 18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26) .0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms

Onetsetsani kuti mapepala 12, 14, 15, 16 ndi 17 amapita kutali kapena musatumize ICMP "nthawi yoposa" kapena kuwatumizira ndi ttl tating'ono kuti tifike. 14 - 17 akuyendetsa code ya MIT C Gateway yomwe siitumiza "nthawi yoposa". Mulungu yekha amadziwa zomwe zikuchitika ndi 12.

Chipatala chachitsulo 12 pamwambapa chikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kachilombo ka 4. 4. [x] = x = = 3 amatumiza uthenga wosatheka kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito chilembo chilichonse chomwe chilipo pachiyambi deta. Popeza, chifukwa cha zitseko, otsala a ttl ndi zero, ICMP "nthawi yoposa" imatsimikiziridwa kuti siyibwererenso kwa ife. Makhalidwe a kachilomboka ndi osangalatsa kwambiri pamene akuwoneka pa dongosolo lopita:

1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 39 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 csgw. Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * * 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ms ! 39 ms! 39 ms!

Zindikirani kuti pali "mayendedwe" khumi ndi awiri (13 ndi malo omaliza) ndipo ndendende theka lao "likusowa". Chimene chikuchitika ndikuti kucha (Sun-3 ikuyenda Sun OS3.5) ikugwiritsira ntchito ttl kuchokera pakubwera kwathu kwachidule monga ttl mu ICMP yankho lake. Kotero, yankho lidzatuluka pa njira yobwerera (popanda chidziwitso chomwe chinatumizidwa kwa wina aliyense kuchokera pamene ICMP sinawatumize ku ICMP) mpaka titafufuza ndi ttl yomwe ili kutalika kawiri kutalika kwa njira. Inde, kuvuta ndi ma hopu 7 okha. Yankho limene limabwerera ndi ttl la 1 ndi chitsimikizo vuto ili liripo. Traceroute amajambula "!" Pambuyo pake ngati ttl ali <= 1. Popeza ogulitsa amatumiza zinthu zambiri zosagwiritsidwa ntchito (DEC's Ultrix, Sun 3.x) kapena osasintha (HPUX) software, amayembekeza kuti awone vutoli kawirikawiri ndi / kapena kusamala kuti atenge cholingacho wothandizira ma probes anu.

Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka pambuyo panthawiyi ! H ,! N , kapena ! P (host, network kapena protocol unreachable),! S (njira yoyendetsera njira inalephera) ,! F- (kugawidwa kumafunika - RFC1191 Njira MTU Discovery value ikuwonetsedwa), ! X (kulankhulana mwalamulo mwaletsedwa) ,! V (kuyanjiratu kusanachitike) ,! C (kutsogolo kumagwira ntchito), kapena ! (Code ya ICMP yosadziwika). Izi zimatanthauzidwa ndi RFC1812 (yomwe imayang'anira RFC1716). Ngati pafupifupi ma probes onse amachititsa mtundu wina wosadziwika, traceroute adzasiya ndi kuchoka.

Pulojekitiyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesedwa, kutengera, ndi kasamalidwe. Izi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polemba zolakwika. Chifukwa cha katundu umene ungapangitse pa intaneti, sikungakhale bwino kugwiritsa ntchito traceroute nthawi zonse ntchito kapena kuchokera malemba.

Onaninso

njira (8), netstat (1), ping (8)