Miyambo Isanu ndi iwiri yofunikira ya kompyuta Networking

Pamene njira zamakono zamagetsi zamakono zakhazikitsidwa, makampani ena ndi atsogoleri a maphunziro adaphunzira mfundo zomwe zili pambuyo pawo ndipo adapanga mfundo zosiyanasiyana za momwe amagwirira ntchito. Zambiri mwa malingalirowa zinayima nthawi (zina zotalikirapo kuposa zina) ndipo zinasintha kukhala "malamulo" omwe akatswiri ofufuza adayamba nawo pantchito yawo. Malamulo omwe ali pansipa akhala akuthandiza kwambiri pa intaneti.

Chilamulo cha Sarnoff

David Sarnoff. Zosungira Zithunzi / Getty Images

David Sarnoff anasamukira ku United States mu 1900 ndipo anakhala wamalonda wotchuka wa ku America pa wailesi ndi kanema. Lamulo la Sarnoff limanena kuti ndalama zopezeka pa intaneti zimagwirizana mofanana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Lingalirolo linali lolemba zaka 100 zapitazo pamene ma telegraphs ndi ma radio oyambirira ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza mauthenga kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi kupita kwa wina. Ngakhale kuti lamuloli silingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa makompyuta amakono, inali imodzi mwa njira zoyambirira zomwe zinakhazikika pakuganiza kuti kupita patsogolo kwina kunamangidwa.

Lamulo la Shannon

Claude Shannon anali katswiri wa masamu yemwe anamaliza ntchito yopanga zojambula zojambulajambula ndipo anayambitsa maziko a chidziwitso chazomwe makanema ambiri akugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1940, lamulo la Shannon ndi chiwerengero cha masamu chofotokozera ubale pakati pa (a) mlingo wachinsinsi wopanda chidziwitso cha mauthenga, (b) chiwongolero ndi (c) SNR (signal-to-noise ratio ratio):

a = b * log2 (1 + c)

Malamulo a Metcalfe

Robert Metcalfe - Madokotala a National Science and Technology. Mark Wilson / Getty Images

Robert Metcalfe anali woyambitsa pulogalamu ya Ethernet . Metcalfe's Law imati "kufunika kwa intaneti kumawonjezereka mwachindunji ndi chiwerengero cha nodes." Choyamba anabadwa cha m'ma 1980 pa nkhani ya kukula kwa Ethernet, Lipatimenti ya Metcalfe inadziwika kwambiri ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa intaneti pazaka za m'ma 1990.

Lamuloli limapangitsa kuti phindu la mabungwe akuluakulu kapena malonda a pa Intaneti (makamaka Intaneti) chifukwa silingaganizire momwe anthu ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito. M'magulu akuluakulu, ocheperapo ogwiritsa ntchito ndi malo omwe amapezeka amatha kupanga kwambiri magalimoto (ndi mtengo wofanana). Ambiri asankha kusintha kwalamulo la Metcalfe kuti liwathandize kuthetsa zotsatirazi.

Chilamulo cha Gilder

Wolemba George Gilder adasindikiza buku lake Telecosm: Momwe Uthawi Wachikondi Wosatha Udzasinthira Dziko Lathu mu 2000 . Mu bukhuli, Gilder's Law imati "chiwongolero chimakula mofulumira katatu kuposa mphamvu yamakono." Gilder amatchedwanso kukhala munthu yemwe amamutchula kuti Law Metcalfe mu 1993 ndipo anathandizira kuwonjezera ntchito yake.

Chilamulo cha Reed

David P. Reed ndi katswiri wodziwa zamakompyuta wothandizira pulogalamu ya TCP / IP ndi UDP . Lofalitsidwa m'chaka cha 2001, Reed's Law inanena kuti kugwiritsa ntchito malo akuluakulu kungawonetsere kukula kwa kukula kwa intaneti. Reed imanena apa kuti malamulo a Metcalfe amatsitsa mtengo wa intaneti pamene ukukula.

Beckstrom wa Chilamulo

Rod Beckstrom ndi katswiri wamalonda. Lamulo la Beckstrom linaperekedwa pa zokambirana zokhudzana ndichitetezo cha makanema mu 2009. Ilo likuti "kufunika kwa intaneti ndikofanana ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwiritsira ntchito, pogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwiritsira ntchito, ndikuwongolera onse." kuyesayesa kupanga malo abwino ochezera a pa Intaneti komwe ubwino umadalira osati kukula kokha monga mwalamulo la Metcalfe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito Intaneti.

Chilamulo cha Nacchio

Joseph Nacchio ndi mkulu wogulitsa mafoni. Lamulo la Nacchio limati "chiwerengero cha madoko ndi mtengo uliwonse pa doko la chipatala cha IP chimasintha ndi maulamuliro awiri a miyezi 18 iliyonse."