NAME
lowani - liwani
SYNOPSIS
lowani [ dzina ]
lolowani-p
lolowera -h hostname
dzina lolowera
DESCRIPTION
Kulowetserako kumagwiritsidwa ntchito polembetsa dongosolo . Ikhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kusinthana ndi womasulira wina nthawi ina iliyonse (zipolopolo zamakono zamakono zili ndi chithandizo cha chipangizochi chomwe chinapangidwa mwa iwo, komabe).
Ngati mkangano sunaperekedwe, lolowera imatumiza dzina la munthu.
Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito sali mizu, ndipo ngati / etc / nologin alipo, zomwe zili mu fayilo zasindikizidwira pazenera, ndipo kutsekedwa kwachotsedwa . Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewera mavitamini pamene dongosolo likutsitsidwa.
Ngati zoletsedwa zapadera zifotokozedwera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito / etc / usertty , izi ziyenera kukumana, kapena mayesero amayesedwa ndipo uthenga wa syslog udzapangidwa. Onani gawo la "Zitetezero Zowonjezera".
Ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ndi mzu, ndiye kuti lolowelo liyenera kuchitika pa / etc / securely . Kulephera kudzalowetsedwa ndi syslog malo.
Pambuyo pazimenezi zatsimikiziridwa, liwu lachinsinsi lidzapemphedwa ndi kufufuzidwa (ngati mawu achinsinsi akufunikiranso kwa dzina ili lomasulira). Mayesero khumi amaloledwa asanalowemo, koma pambuyo pa zitatu zoyamba, yankho limayamba kuchepetsedwa. Zolephera zolowera zimayesedwa kudzera mu syslog . Malo awa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kulongosola mizu yonse yabwino.
Ngati fayilo .hushlogin ilipo, ndiye kuti lolowera "lokhala chete" likuchitidwa (izi zikulepheretsa kufufuza kwa makalata ndi kusindikiza nthawi yotsiriza yoloweramo nthawi ndi uthenga wa tsikulo). Kupanda kutero, ngati / var / log / lastlog alipo, nthawi yomaliza yolowera imasindikizidwa (ndipo zolembera zamakono zalembedwa).
Zinthu zopanda dongosolo, monga kukhazikitsa UID ndi GID ya tty ikuchitidwa. Mitundu ya TERM yosasinthika imasungidwa ngati ilipo (zosintha zina zachilengedwe zimasungidwa ngati -p njira ikugwiritsidwa ntchito). Kenako, kusintha kwa malo, HOME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, MAIL, ndi LOGNAME zimayikidwa. PATH imasokonekera ku / usr / m'deralo / bin: / bin: / usr / bin :. kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi ku / sbin: / bin: / usr / sbin: / usr / bin kwa mizu. Chotsatira, ngati izi sizitsegulira "mwatcheru", uthenga wa tsikulo umasindikizidwa ndipo fayilo ndi dzina la mnzanu mu / var / spool / makalata adzayang'anitsidwa, ndi uthenga wosindikizidwa ngati ulibe kutalika kwake.
Chigoba cha wogwiritsa ntchitocho kenako chinayambika. Ngati palibe chipolopolo chomwe chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa / etc / passwd , ndiye / bin / sh imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati palibe chilolezo chomwe chimatchulidwa mu / etc / passwd , ndiye / chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito (tsamba loyang'ana kunyumba likufufuzidwa pa fayilo ya .hushlogin yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa).
OPTIONS
-p
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ndalama (8) kuti adziwe kuti alowemo kuti asawononge chilengedwe
-f
Anayendetsa kachiwiri kovomerezeka kolowera. Izi sizigwira ntchito pazu, ndipo siziwoneka kuti zikugwira ntchito pansi pa Linux .
-h
Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma seva ena (ie, telnetd (8)) kupititsa dzina la munthu woyenda kutali kuti alowemo kuti liyike mu utmp ndi wtmp. Wopambanitsa ndiye angagwiritse ntchito njirayi.
Zoletsedwa zapadera
Fayilo / etc / otetezera mayina a ma tty komwe mizu imaloledwa kulowetsa. Dzina lina la chipangizo cha tty popanda dev / dev / choyamba chiyenera kufotokozedwa pa mzere uliwonse. Ngati fayilo ilipo, mizu imaloledwa kulowa mu tty iliyonse.
Pulogalamu yamakono ya Linux PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa machitidwe osagwiritsa ntchito PAM, fayilo / etc / usertty imatanthawuza zowonjezereka zowonjezera zowonjezera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Ngati fayilo ilipo, palibe malire owonjezera omwe angapezedwe. Fayilo ili ndi zigawo zosiyana. Pali mitundu itatu yokhayi ya magawo: CLASSES, GROUPS ndi USERS. GAWO LA MAKOLO limatanthauzira makalasi a ttys ndi hostname patterns, GAWO la GROUPS limatanthauzira ma ttys ndi makamu omwe amaloledwa pa gulu, ndipo gawo la USERS limafotokozera ma ttys ndi makamu omwe amaloledwa pa ntchito iliyonse.
Mzere uliwonse mu fayilo iyi sungakhale yoposa malemba 255. Ndemanga zimayambira ndi # khalidwe ndikufutukula kumapeto kwa mzere.
Gawo la CLASSES
Gawo la Ophunzira likuyamba ndi mawu AKHONDO kumayambiriro kwa mndandanda pazovuta zonse. Zotsatira zonsezi mpaka chiyambi cha gawo latsopano kapena mapeto a fayilo ali ndi mawu osiyana a mawu olekanitsidwa ndi tabu kapena mipata. Mzere uliwonse umatanthauzira kalasi ya ttys ndi machitidwe.
Mawu kumayambiriro kwa mzere akutanthauzidwa ngati gulu limodzi la ma ttys ndi machitidwe omwe amamveketsa pazomwe zili mzerewu. Dzina ili likhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo liri lonse la GROUPS kapena USERS. Dzina loperewera siliyenera kuchitika ngati gawo la tanthauzo la kalasi kuti athe kupeŵa mavuto ndi magulu opitilirapo.
Chitsanzo cha CLASSES gawo:
MAFESO myclass1 tty1 tty2 myclass2 tty3 @ .foo.comIzi zikutanthawuza magulu anga myclass1 ndi myclass2 ngati mbali zowanja .
Gawo la GROUPS
Gawo la GROUPS limatanthauzira ma ttys ndi makamu ololedwa pa maziko a gulu la Unix. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito ndi membala wa gulu la Unix malinga ndi / etc / passwd ndi / etc / gulu ndipo gululo limatchulidwa mu gawo la GROUPS mu / etc / usertty ndiye wogwiritsa ntchito apatsidwa mwayi ngati gulu liri.
Gawo la GROUPS limayamba ndi mawu GROUPS pazovuta zonse kumayambiriro kwa mzere, ndipo mzere uliwonse uli mndandanda wa mawu olekanitsidwa ndi malo kapena matabu. Mawu oyambirira pa mzere ndi dzina la gululo ndi mawu ena onse pa mndandanda akufotokoza ma ttys ndi makamu omwe mamembala a gululo amaloledwa kupeza. Mafotokozedwewa angaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito magulu omwe amamasulidwa m'magulu am'mbuyomu.
Chitsanzo chachigawo cha GROUPS.
MA GROUPS sys tty1 @ .bar.edu stud myclass1 tty4Chitsanzo ichi chikufotokozera kuti mamembala a gulu likhoza kulowa mu tty1 ndi kuchokera ku makamu ku bar.edu domain. Ogwiritsira ntchito pagulu angagwiritse ntchito kuchokera ku makamu / ttys omwe atchulidwa mukalasi myclass1 kapena kuchokera ku tty4.
Gawo la Ogwiritsa Ntchito
Gawo la USERS limayamba ndi mawu OTSOGOLERA pazovuta zonse kumayambiriro kwa mzere, ndipo mzere uliwonse ukutsatira mawu omwe akulekanitsidwa ndi malo kapena matabu. Mawu oyambirira pa mzere ndi dzina la munthu ndipo wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amaloledwa kulowetsa pa ma ttys ndi ochokera ku makamu omwe atchulidwa pazotsatira zonsezi. Mafotokozedwe amenewa angaphatikizepo makalasi omwe amamasuliridwa m'magulu a MASIKU ammbuyo. Ngati palibe mutu wa gawo ukufotokozedwa pamwamba pa fayilo, gawo loyamba limasintha kukhala gawo la USERS.
Chitsanzo cha OGwiritsira ntchito:
ATSERS zacho tty1 @ 130.225.16.0 / 255.255.255.0 blue tty3 myclass2Izi zimalola wogwiritsa ntchito zacho kuti alowe pa tty1 komanso kuchokera ku makamu omwe ali ndi IP addreses m'masamba 130.225.16.0 - 130.225.16.255, ndipo buluu lololedwa limaloledwa kulowa mkati kuchokera ku tty3 ndi chirichonse chomwe chili mu classic myclass2.
Pakhoza kukhala mzere mu gawo la USERS kuyambira ndi dzina la usamba la *. Ili ndi lamulo losasintha ndipo lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa wosuta aliyense wosayanjanitsa wina aliyense.
Ngati onse a USERS mzere ndi mzere wa GROUPS amagwirizana ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, ndiye kuti wogwiritsa ntchito amaloledwa kuchoka ku mgwirizano wa anthu onse omwe amatha kutchula.
Chiyambi
Zomwe timagwiritsira ntchito poyang'ana magulu, gulu ndi mawonekedwe ake amatchedwa chiyambi. Chingwe choyambira chikhoza kukhala ndi chimodzi mwa mafomu awa:
o
Dzina la chipangizo cha tty popanda / dev / choyamba, mwachitsanzo tty1 kapena ttyS0.
o
Chingwe @localhost, kutanthauza kuti wogwiritsira ntchito amaloledwa ku telnet / rlogin kuchokera kwa anthu omwe akukhala nawo kumalo omwewo. Izi zimathandizanso wosuta kuti athandize lamulo: xterm -e / bin / login.
o
Dzina lachidziwitso cha dzina lanu monga @ .some.dom, kutanthawuza kuti wogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kulembetsa / telnet kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense amene dzina lake lili ndi suffix .some.dom.
o
Ma adilesi ambiri a IPv4, olembedwa @ xxxx / yyyy kumene xxxx ndi adiresi ya IP m'kalembedwe kakang'ono ka quad decimal, ndipo yyyy ndi bitmask mu ndondomeko yomweyi yomwe ikuwunikira kuti idiiyi ku adiresi ikuyerekeza ndi adilesi ya IP ya kutali . Mwachitsanzo @ 130.225.16.0 / 255.255.254.0 amatanthawuza kuti wogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kulembetsa / telnet kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense yemwe apulosi yake ya IP imapezeka 130.225.16.0 - 130.225.17.255.
Zonse mwazochokera pamwambazi zingakhale zogwirizana ndi nthawi yeniyeni molingana ndi syntax:
timespec :: = '['Mwachitsanzo, chiyambi [mon: tue: wed: thu: fri: 8-17] tty3 amatanthawuza kuti kulowetsa kumaloledwa pamadzulo pakati pa 8:00 ndi 17:59 (5:59 pm) pa tty3. Izi zikuwonetsanso kuti nthawi ya ora ikuphatikizapo nthawi zonse pakati pa: 00 ndi b: 59. Maola ola limodzi (monga 10) amatanthauza nthawi ya pakati pa 10 ndi 10:59.
Kusatanthauzira nthawi yoyamba ya tty kapena wolandiridwa kumatanthauza kulowa kuchokera ku chiyambi kumaloledwa nthawi iliyonse. Ngati mupereka chiwonetsero cha nthawi khalani otsimikiza kuti mutchule nthawi zonse masiku ndi limodzi kapena maola angapo kapena maola. Mafotokozedwe a nthawi sangaphatikize malo aliwonse oyera.
Ngati palibe lamulo losasinthika limaperekedwa ndiye osagwiritsa ntchito mzere / etc / usertty amaloledwa kuti alowemo kulikonse monga khalidwe labwino.
ONANI ZINA
Chofunika: Gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la munthu ( % munthu ) kuti muwone momwe lamulo likugwiritsira ntchito pa kompyuta yanu.