NAME
bash - GNU Bourne-Kambiranani
SYNOPSIS
bash [zosankha] [fayilo]
DESCRIPTION
Bash ndi womasulira wa chilankhulo chophatikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe amachititsa malamulo owerengedwa kuchokera muzolowera zolemba kapena fayilo. Bash imaphatikizanso zinthu zothandiza kuchokera ku zipolopolo za Korn ndi C ( ksh ndi csh ).
Bash cholinga chake kuti chikhale chogwirizana ndi IEEE POSIX Shell ndi Tools (Specifications IEEE Working 1003.2).
OPTIONS
Kuphatikiza pazokhazikitsira zizindikiro zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera malamulo oyikidwa , bash amatanthauzira zotsatirazi pamene akufunsidwa:
-kanyimbo
Ngati -kakhala kusankha, ndiye kuti malamulo akuwerengedwa pa chingwe . Ngati pali zotsutsana pambuyo pa chingwe , zimaperekedwa ku magawo, poyambira ndi $ 0 .
-i
Ngati_iyiyi ilipo, chipolopolocho chikugwirizana .
-l
Pangani bash kuchita ngati kuti adayitanitsidwa ngati galasi lolowera (onani INVOCATION pansipa).
-r
Ngati -sankho ilipo, chipolopolocho chimakhala choletsedwa (onani RESTRICTED SHELL pansipa).
-s
Ngati_njirayo ilipo, kapena ngati palibe zifukwa zotsalira pambuyo pa kukonza njira, ndiye kuti malamulo akuwerengedwa kuchokera kuzolowera. Njirayi imalola kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yoyenera pamene ikuyambitsa chipolopolo chophatikizana.
-D
Mndandanda wa zida zonse zomwe zatchulidwa kawiri zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi $ zimasindikizidwa pa ouput. Izi ndizinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumasulira kwachilankhulo pamene malo amtunduwu sali C kapena POSIX . Izi zikutanthawuza_njira; palibe malamulo omwe adzayankhidwe.
[- +] O [ shopt_option ]
Chosangalatsa ndi chimodzi mwaziganizidwe zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi zomangidwa bwino (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa). Ngati chithunzi chophweka chiripo, -Oika mtengo wa chisankho chimenecho; + Osagwirizana. Ngati zosakanizidwa_saperekedwe , mayina ndi ziyamiko zaziganizo zomwe amavomereza zimatulutsidwa pafupipafupi. Ngati njira yopempherera ndiyo O , zotsatira zake zikuwonetsedwa m'mawonekedwe omwe angagwiritsiridwenso ntchito.
-
A - imasonyeza mapeto a zosankha ndikulepheretsa kukonza njira. Zotsutsana zirizonse zitatha - zimatengedwa ngati mafayilo ndi mafikisano. Kukangana k_kufanana ndi - .
Bash amatanthauzanso zosankha zambiri zamitundu. Zosankhazi ziyenera kuwonetsedwa pa mzere wa lamulo pamaso pazomwe mungasankhe kuti zizindikire.
- zomveka
Chimodzimodzi ndi -D , koma zotsatira zake ziri mu GNU gettext po (portable object) mawonekedwe.
- zomangira
Chimodzimodzi ndi -D .
--Thandizeni
Onetsani uthenga wogwiritsira ntchito pamtundu woyenerera ndi kutulukamo bwino.
fayilo - fayilo
--fayilo fayilo
Pangani malamulo kuchokera pa fayilo m'malo mwa fayilo yoyamba yeniyeni ~ / .bashrc ngati chipolopolo chikugwirizana (onani INVOCATION pansipa).
--Lowani muakaunti
Chimodzimodzi ndi -l .
--kumudziwa
Musagwiritse ntchito laibulale yapamwamba ya GNU kuti muwerenge mizere ya malamulo pamene chipolopolo chikugwirizana.
--noprofile
Musati muwerenge fayilo yoyambira yowonjezera dongosolo / etc / mbiri kapena mafayilo oyambirira oyambirira / / .bash_profile , ~ / .bash_login , kapena ~ / .profile . Mwachikhazikitso, bash amawerengera mafayilowa pamene akuitanidwa ngati chilolezo cholowetsamo (onani INVOCATION pansipa).
-norc
Musamawerenge ndikukwaniritsa fayilo yoyamba ~ / .bashrc ngati chipolopolo chikugwirizana. Njirayi imakhala yosasinthika ngati chipolopolo chikuyankhidwa ngati sh .
- postx
Sinthani khalidwe la bash komwe ntchito yosasintha imasiyana ndi POSIX 1003.2 muyezo wofanana ndi ( posix mode ).
- zoletsedwa
Chipolopolocho chimakhala choletsedwa (onani RESTRICTED SHELL pansipa).
--rpm-imafuna
Lembani mndandanda wa maofesi omwe amafunika kuti script ikuyendetsedwe. Izi zikutanthawuza '-n' ndipo ziri ndi zofooka zofanana monga kusonkhanitsa kufufuza kolakwika nthawi; Mabwezeretsedwe, [] mayesero, ndi zotsutsana sizingathetsedwe kuti zikhulupiliro zina zisaphonye. - kutengera zofanana ndi -v .
--version
Onetsani mafotokozedwe awonetsero pa chithunzi ichi cha bash pazochitika zomwe zimachokera ndipo mutuluke bwinobwino.
ZOKHUDZA
Ngati kutsutsana kulibe pambuyo pa kukonzekera njira, ndipo ngakhale -c kapena -nkhaniyo yakhala ikuperekedwa, kukangana koyamba kumaganiziridwa kukhala dzina la fayilo yomwe ili ndi malamulo a shell. Ngati mfuti imapangidwira, $ 0 yadziwika ndi dzina la fayilo, ndipo zigawozo zimayikidwa pazotsalira zotsalira. Bash amawerenga ndi kuwonetsa malamulo kuchokera pa fayilo, kenako amachoka. Mkhalidwe wa kuchoka kwa Bash ndikutuluka kwa lamulo lomaliza lomwe lalembedwa mu script. Ngati palibe malamulo omwe amachotsedwa, chikhalidwe chotsatira ndicho 0. Choyambirira choyesa kutsegulira fayilo pazomwe zilipo panopa, ndipo, ngati palibe fayilo yopezeka, ndiye kuti chipolopolocho chimafufuza mauthenga a PATH kwa script.
KUYAMBA
Chigoba cholowetsera ndi yemwe khalidwe lake loyamba la zero ndi- , kapena linayamba ndi -lowetsani njira.
Chigoba chophatikizana chinayambira popanda zifukwa zopanda chisankho ndipo popanda_sankhidwe omwe maitanidwe omwe amachokera ndi okhudzidwawo onse amagwirizanitsidwa ndi mapeto (monga otsimikiziridwa ndi isatty (3)), kapena imodzi inayamba ndi -yi njira. PS1 yakhazikitsidwa ndi $ - imaphatikizapo ine ngati mabasi akuphatikizana, kulola script kapena sewero loyambitsira kuyesa dziko lino.
Ndime zotsatirazi zikufotokoza momwe bash amatulutsa mafayilo ake oyambira. Ngati maofesi ena alipo koma sangathe kuwerengedwa, bash reports ndizolakwika. Tildes yowonjezedwa m'maina apamwamba monga momwe tafotokozera pansipa pansi pa Kuwonjezeka kwa Tilde mu gawo la EXPANSION .
Pamene masewera amafunsidwa ngati chilolezo cholowetsamo, kapena ngati chida chosagwirizanitsa ndi -lowetsani njira, imayamba kuwerenga ndi kuchita malamulo kuchokera pa fayilo / etc / mbiri , ngati fayilo ilipo. Pambuyo powerenga fayilo, imayang'ana ~ / .bash_profile , ~ / .bash_login , ndi ~ / .profile , mwa dongosolo limenelo, ndipo imawerenga ndikukwaniritsa malamulo kuchokera koyamba omwe alipo ndipo amawoneka. Chotsulo -noprofile chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene chigoba chikuyamba kuletsa khalidweli.
Pamene galasi lolowera likuchoka, bash read and executes commands from file ~ / .bash_logout , ngati ilipo.
Pamene chipolopolo chosagwirizanitsa chomwe silolojekiti yolowera yayambika , bash reads and executes commands from ~ / .bashrc , ngati fayilo ilipo. Izi zikhoza kulepheretsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito_norc kusankha. Chotsulo cha --rcfile chidzakakamiza bash kuti awerenge ndikukwaniritsa malamulo kuchokera pa fayilo m'malo ~ ~ .bashrc .
Bash ikamayambika osati mwachindunji, kuyendetsa script, mwachitsanzo, ikuyang'ana variable BASH_ENV kumalo, imapatsa mtengo wake ngati ikuwonekera pamenepo, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito kuonjezera mtengo monga dzina la fayilo kuti liwerenge ndikuchita . Bash amachita ngati kuti lamulo lotsatira likuphedwa:
ngati [-n "$ BASH_ENV"]; ndiye. "$ BASH_ENV"; fi
koma phindu la PATH silingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufufuza dzina la fayilo.
Ngati mfuti imatchulidwa ndi dzina sh , imayeseranso kutsanzira khalidwe loyambirira la malemba monga momwe mungathere, pomwe mukugwirizana ndi mlingo wa POSIX. Mukayitanitsa ngati chilolezo choloĊµerera, kapena chigoba chosagwirizanitsa ndi -lowetsani njira, yoyamba kuwerenga ndi kuchita malamulo kuchokera / etc / profile ndi ~ / .profile , mwa dongosolo limenelo. Chosowa_noprofile chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulepheretsa khalidwe ili. Pamene akuitanidwa ngati chigoba chophatikizana ndi dzina sh , bash amayang'ana variable variable ENV , amawonjezera mtengo wake ngati ukufotokozedwa, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito kuonjezera mtengo monga dzina la fayilo kuti liwerenge ndikuchita. Popeza kuti chipolopolo chotchedwa sh sichiyesa kuwerenga ndi kupanga malamulo kuchokera pa mafayilo ena oyambirira, kusankha --rcfile alibe zotsatira. Gulu losavomerezeka lomwe limatchulidwa ndi dzina sh siliyesa kuwerenga mafayilo ena oyambirira. Pamene akuitanidwa ngati sh , bash amalowa mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo powerenga mafayilo oyambirira.
Bash ikamayambika posix mode, monga ndi_malogalamu amtundu wa malamulo, imatsatira POSIX muyeso pazomwe akuyambira. Momwemonso, zipolopolo zophatikiza zikulitsa kusintha kwa ENV ndipo malamulo amawerengedwa ndi kuchitidwa kuchokera ku fayilo yomwe dzina lake ndilokulitsa. Palibe ma fayilo ena oyambirira omwe amawerengedwa.
Bash amayesa kudziwa pamene ikuyendetsedwa ndi daemon ya kutali, nthawi zambiri. Ngati basi likuganiza kuti ikuyendetsedwa ndi rshd , imawerenga ndikukwaniritsa malamulo kuchokera ku ~ / .bashrc , ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ilipo. Sichidzachita izi ngati zitayikidwa ngati sh . Chosankhachocho chingagwiritsidwe ntchito poletsa khalidweli, ndipo -rcfile mungagwiritse ntchito kukakamiza fayilo ina kuti iwerenge, koma rshd sichimaitanitsa chipolopolozo ndizozigwiritsa ntchito kapena kuzilola kuti zifotokozedwe.
Ngati chigoba chikuyambidwa ndi id ogwira ntchito (gulu) id osati ofanana ndi gulu logwiritsa ntchito (gulu) id, ndipo_popanda sichiperekedwa , palibe mafayilo oyambirira omwe amawerengedwa, ntchito za shell sizinatengedwe kuchokera ku chilengedwe, SHELLOPTS Kusinthika, ngati kumawoneka m'deralo, kumanyalanyazidwa, ndipo id yogwiritsira ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito imayikidwa ku id idali yeniyeni. Ngati -p njira ikuperekedwa pa kupempha, khalidwe loyamba ndilofanana, koma chidziwitso chogwiritsa ntchito sichikonzanso.
MAFUNSO
Zotanthauzira zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito muzolemba zonsezi.
palibe kanthu
Danga kapena tabu.
mawu
Mndandanda wa malemba omwe akuwoneka ngati chinthu chimodzi ndi chipolopolo. Amadziwikanso ngati chizindikiro .
dzina
Mawu omwe ali ndi zilembo zenizeni zokhazokha, ndi kuyamba ndi chilembo cha alfabeti kapena kutsindika. Amatchedwanso monga chizindikiro .
metacharacter
Chikhalidwe chomwe, ngati chosagwiritsidwa ntchito, chimasiyanitsa mawu. Chimodzi mwa zotsatirazi:
| | &; () <> tabu lachinsinsi
woyang'anira opaleshoni
Chizindikiro chimene chimagwira ntchito yolamulira. Ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zotsatirazi:
|| & &&; ;; () |
MAFUNSO OTHANDIZA
Mawu osungidwa ndi mawu omwe ali ndi tanthauzo lapadera ku chipolopolo. Mawu otsatirawa amadziwika ngati akusungidwa pamene osagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso ngati mawu oyambirira a lamulo lophweka (onani SHELL GRAMMAR pansipa) kapena mawu achitatu a mulandu kapena lamulo:
! Cholinga chachita ntchito zina zowonjezereka ngati mutasankha ndiye mpaka nthawi [[]]
SHELL GRAMMAR
Malamulo Osavuta
Lamulo losavuta ndilo ndondomeko ya ntchito zosinthidwa zomwe mwasankha zomwe zatsatiridwa ndi mawu osalongosoka -mawu osamveka ndi mazokonzedwe, ndikutsirizidwa ndi woyang'anira olamulira . Mawu oyambirira amatanthauzira lamulo loti lichitidwe, ndipo laperekedwa ngati zotsutsana. Mawu otsalawo aperekedwa monga zotsutsana ndi lamulo lololedwa.
Kubwezera kwa lamulo lophweka ndilo kuchoka kwake, kapena 128+ n ngati lamulo likuchotsedwa ndi chizindikiro n .
Mabomba
Bomba ndi ndondomeko ya malamulo amodzi kapena angapo osiyana ndi khalidwe | . Maonekedwe a pipi ndi:
[ nthawi [ -p ]] [! ] lamulo [ | command2 ...]
Mtengo woyendetsa wa lamulo ukugwirizanitsidwa kudzera mu chitoliro ku kuyika koyenera kwa command2 . Kugwirizana kumeneku kumachitidwa musanabwezeretsedwe kulikonse kofotokozedwa ndi lamulo (onani REDIRECTION pansipa).
Ngati mawu osungidwa ! kutsogolo kwaipiipi, kutuluka kwa mpaipiyo ndilolondola osati kuchoka kwa lamulo lomaliza. Apo ayi, udindo wa bomba ndilo kuchoka kwa lamulo lomaliza. Chipolopolo chikudikirira malamulo onse muipiyo kuti iwonongeke musanabwererenso mtengo.
Ngati nthawi yosungidwa patsogolo pa pipeline, nthawi yomwe yatha komanso yogwiritsira ntchito ndi nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyikanso imayesedwa pamene bomba likutha. A -p kusankha amasintha mtundu wopangidwa ndi POSIX. Kusintha kwa TIMEFORMAT kungaikidwe pa chingwe chojambulidwa chomwe chimatanthawuza momwe zidziwitso za nthawi ziyenera kuwonetsedwa; onani ndondomeko ya TIMEFORMAT pansi pa Zigawo Zowonjezera pansipa.
Lamulo lirilonse papepala limayesedwa ngati njira yosiyana (mwachitsanzo, pamutu).
Lists
Mndandanda uli mndandanda wa mapaipi amodzi kapena angapo olekanitsidwa ndi mmodzi wa oyendetsa ; , & , && , kapena || , ndipo mwachoncho mwachotsedwa ndi chimodzi mwa ; , & , kapena
Pa olemba awa, && ndi || ali ndi chitsanzo chofanana, wotsatira ; ndi &, zomwe ziri ndi zofanana.
Mndandanda wa mndandanda umodzi kapena zingapo zatsopano zikhoza kuwonekera mndandanda m'malo mwa semicolon kuti apereke malamulo.
Ngati lamulo likuchotsedwa ndi wothandizira olamulira,, chipolopolocho chimayendetsa lamulo kumbuyo kwake . Chipolopolo sichidikira kuti lamulo lizitha, ndipo chiwerengero cha kubwerera ndi 0. Malamulo akulekanitsidwa ndi ; amawotchedwa sequentially; chipolopolo chikudikira lamulo lililonse kuti liwonongeke. Mkhalidwe wobwerera ndi udindo wotuluka wa lamulo lomaliza.
Olamulira ogwira ntchito && ndi || Tchulani NDICHITATU ndi Mndandanda kapena Mndandanda. WINA ndi mndandanda uli ndi mawonekedwe
lamulo1 && command2
command2 ikuchitidwa ngati, ndipo kokha ngati, lamulo1 imabweretsanso kutuluka kwa zero.
Mndandanda wa OR uli ndi mawonekedwe
lamulo1 || lamulo2
command2 ikuchitidwa ngati ndiyomwe ngati command1 ibwezeretsa malo osachokera ku zero. Mkhalidwe wobwerera wa AND AND mndandanda ndizokutuluka kwa lamulo lomaliza lomwe lalembedwa m'ndandanda.
Malamulo Ophatikiza
Lamulo la pawiri ndi chimodzi mwa zotsatirazi:
( mndandanda )
Mndandanda umatulutsidwa m'ndandanda. Ntchito zosiyana ndi malamulo a buildin omwe amakhudza malo a chipolopolo samakhalabe ogwira ntchito mutatha lamulo. Mkhalidwe wobwerera ndi udindo wotuluka mndandanda .
{ list ; }}
Mndandanda umangotayidwa mu chikhalidwe chamakono. Mndandanda uyenera kuthetsedwa ndi newline kapena semicolon. Izi zimatchedwa lamulo la gulu . Mkhalidwe wobwerera ndi udindo wotuluka mndandanda . Tawonani kuti mosiyana ndi ojambula ( ndi ) , { and } ndi mawu osungidwa ndipo ayenera kuchitika kumene mawu osungidwa amaloledwa kuti adziwe. Popeza samapanga mawu, ayenera kukhala osiyana ndi mndandanda wa whitespace.
( mawu )
Mawuwo akuyesedwa malinga ndi malamulo omwe ali pansipa pansi pa KUYESA KWA ARITHMETIC . Ngati mtengo wa mawuwo suli zero, malo obwerera ndi 0; Ngati simungabwererenso kutero, izi ndizofanana ndi " mawu ".
[ mawu ]
Bweretsani udindo wa 0 kapena 1 malingana ndi kuyesa kwa mawu ovomerezeka akuwonetsera . Mawu ali ndi zolemba zoyambirira zomwe zili pansipa pa CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS . Kugawanitsa mawu ndi njira yowonjezera sikumagwiridwa pa mawu pakati pa [[ and ]] ; kuwonjezereka, parameter ndi kuwonjezereka kosasintha, kukula kwa masamu, kulembera malamulo, kulowetsa m'malo, ndi kuchotsa ndondomeko kumachitika.
Pamene == ndi ! = Ogwira ntchito akugwiritsidwa ntchito, chingwe cha ufulu wa wogwiritsira ntchito chikuwoneka ngati chofanana ndi chofanana ndi malamulo omwe ali pansipa mu Chitsanzo cha Matchingidwe . Mtengo wobwereza ndi 0 ngati chingwe chikugwirizana kapena sichigwirizana ndi chitsanzocho, ndi 1 kenaka. Gawo lililonse la chitsanzo lingatchulidwe kuti likukakamize kuti lifanane ndi chingwe.
Mawu akhoza kuphatikizidwa pogwiritsira ntchito othandizira awa, omwe akupezeka mu dongosolo loyamba:
( mawu )
Kubwezera mtengo wa mawu . Izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yoyamba ya ogwira ntchito.
! mawu
Zoona ngati mawu akunama.
mawu && expression2
Zoona ngati mawu onse1 ndi mawu2 ali oona.
kusonyeza1 || kufotokozera2 Zowonadi ngati mawu alionse1 kapena mawu2 ali oona.
The && and || ogwira ntchito samapenda mawu2 ngati mtengo wa mawu1 ndi wokwanira kudziwa mtengo wobwereza wa mafotokozedwe onsewa.
dzina [ mu mawu ]; do list ; zatha
Mndandanda wa mawu omwe akutsatiridwa akuwonjezeredwa, kupanga mndandanda wa zinthu. Dzina lotanthauzira limayikidwa pa chigawo chilichonse cha mndandandanda womwewo, ndipo mndandanda umachitidwa nthawi iliyonse. Ngati mawuwo asalephereke, alamulayo amachititsa mndandanda kamodzi pazomwe zimakhalapo (onani PARAMETERS pansipa). Mkhalidwe wobwerera ndi udindo wotuluka wa lamulo lomaliza limene limapereka. Ngati kufalikira kwa zinthu zomwe zikutsatila mu zotsatira mundandanda wopanda kanthu, palibe malamulo omwe akuchitidwa, ndipo chikhalidwe chobwerera ndi 0.
kwa (( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )); do list ; zatha
Choyamba, mawu ovomerezeka a masvomere amawerengedwa malinga ndi malamulo omwe ali pansipa pa KUYESA KWA ARITHMETIC . Chiganizo cha masamu expr2 chimayesedwa mobwerezabwereza mpaka icho chikuyang'ana ku zero. Nthawi iliyonse kufotokozera kuzinthu zosakhala zero, mndandanda umayankhidwa ndipo ndemanga ya masamu imayesedwa. Ngati mawu aliwonse asalephereke, amachititsa ngati akuyesa 1. Kulipira kubwerera ndikutuluka kwa lamulo lomaliza pa mndandanda umene wachitidwa, kapena wonama ngati mawu ena ali olakwika.
sankhani dzina [ mu mawu ]; do list ; zatha
Mndandanda wa mawu omwe akutsatiridwa akuwonjezeredwa, kupanga mndandanda wa zinthu. Mndandanda wa mawu okulitsidwa amasindikizidwa pa zolakwika zofanana, aliyense amayamba ndi nambala. Ngati mawuwo asalephereka, zolemba zanu zimasindikizidwa (onani PARAMETERS pansipa). The PS3 imalimbikitsa ndiye amavumbulutsidwa ndi mzere wowerengedwa kuchokera muzolowera. Ngati mzere uli ndi chiwerengero chofanana ndi chimodzi mwa mawu owonetsedwa, ndiye kuti mtengo wa dzina waperekedwa ku mawuwo. Ngati mzere ulibe kanthu, mawu ndi kuwalimbikitsa amasonyezanso. Ngati EOF iwerengedwa, lamulo limatha. Kuwerenga kwina kulikonse kumayambitsa dzina kuti likhale losasintha. Mzere wowerengedwa umasungidwa mu REPLY yosinthika. Mndandanda umaperekedwa pambuyo pa kusankha konse mpaka lamulo lopuma likuchitidwa. Mpumulo wa chisankho cha kusankha ndikutuluka kwa lamulo lomaliza la mndandanda , kapena zero ngati palibe malamulo omwe adachitidwa.
liwu lachitsanzo mu [[(]] chitsanzo [ | chitsanzo ]
Lamulo lamakalata loyamba limatambasulira mawu , ndipo limayesa kufanana nalo motsatira ndondomeko iliyonse, pogwiritsira ntchito malamulo omwe akufanana ndi kukula kwa dzina lanu (onani Kuwonjezeka kwa Dzina la Pansi). Pamene masewera amapezeka, mndandanda womwewo umayesedwa. Pambuyo pa masewera oyambirira, palibe masewera otsatira omwe ayesedwa. Mutha kuchoka ndi zero ngati palibe chitsanzo chikufanana. Kupanda kutero, ndilo kutuluka kwa lamulo lomalizira.
ngati mndandanda ; ndiye mndandanda; [ elif list ; ndiye mndandanda ; ] ... [ wina mndandanda ; ] fi
Ngati mndandanda ukuperekedwa. Ngati kutuluka kwake kuli zero, ndiye kuti mndandanda umaperekedwa. Kupanda kutero, mndandanda uliwonse wa olembawu umapangidwanso, ndipo ngati kutuluka kwake kuli zero, zofanana ndizo ndondomeko ikuchitidwa ndipo lamulo lidzatha. Apo ayi, mndandanda winawo ukuchitidwa ngati ulipo. Mutha kuchoka ndikutuluka kwa lamulo lomaliza, kapena zero ngati palibe choyesedwa chowonadi.
pamene mndandanda ; do list ; zatha
mpaka mndandanda ; do list ; zatha
Lamulo la panthawiyi limapitirizabe kulembetsa mndandanda ngati lamulo lomaliza la mndandanda limabweretsanso mkhalidwe wa zero. Mpaka lamulo liri lofanana ndi lamulo la nthawi, kupatula kuti mayesero amaletsedwa; mndandanda wa mndandanda umaperekedwa malinga ngati lamulo lomaliza la mndandanda umabweretsanso udindo wosachokera ku zero. Mpumulo wa nthawi yomweyi ndi mpaka malamulo ndikutuluka kwa mndandanda wazomwe mndandanda wazomwe adalemba, kapena zero ngati palibe amene adaphedwa.
[ ntchito ] dzina () { mndandanda ; }}
Izi zikutanthawuza ntchito yomwe imatchedwa dzina . Thupi la ntchitoyi ndi mndandanda wa malamulo pakati pa {and}. Mndandanda uwu umaperekedwa ngati dzina lidatchulidwa ngati dzina la lamulo losavuta. Mpumulo wa ntchito ndikutuluka kwa lamulo lomalizira m'thupi. (Onani NTCHITO pansipa.)
COMMENTS
Mu chigoba chosagwirizanitsa, kapena chigwirizano chophatikizana chomwe njira yotsatizira_zinthu zowonjezera zomangidwira zowonjezera zimathandizidwa (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa), mawu oyambira ndi # amachititsa kuti mawuwo ndi otsala onse omwe ali pamzerewu asasamalidwe. Chigoba chophatikizana popanda zosakanikirana_zinthu zosankhidwa zimaperekedwa sizimalola ndemanga. Njira yothandizira_zinthu zimayendetsedwa mwazigawo zosakanikirana.
QUOTING
Kubwereza akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa tanthauzo lapadera la anthu ena kapena mawu ku chipolopolo. Kuwombera kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kulepheretsa chithandizo chapadera kwa anthu apadera, kuteteza mawu osungidwa kuti azindikire monga choncho, ndi kuteteza kukula kwa parameter.
Zonse mwazitsulo zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa pansi pa DEFINITIONS zili ndi tanthauzo lapadera ku chipolopolo ndipo ziyenera kutchulidwa ngati zikuimira.
Pamene malo opangitsira mbiri yakulamulira akugwiritsidwa ntchito, khalidwe lokulitsa mbiriyakale , kawirikawiri ! , ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti zisawononge mbiri.
Pali zitatu zomwe zikugwiritsira ntchito njira: kuthawa , ndemanga imodzi, ndi ndemanga ziwiri.
Kubwerera kumbuyo kosatchulidwa ( \ ) ndi khalidwe lothawa . Icho chimateteza mtengo weniweni wa khalidwe lotsatira limene likutsatira, kupatula
Kulemba zilembo pamagulu amodzi akusunga mtengo weniweni wa chikhalidwe chilichonse mkati mwazolembazo. Mawu amodzi omwe sangathe kuchitika pakati pa ndemanga imodzi, ngakhale atayambanso kubwereza.
Kulemba zilembo mumagwiridwe aĊµiri kumatetezera mtengo weniweni wa anthu onse muzolembazo, kupatula $ , ` , ndi \ . Olemba $ ndi ` amakhalabe ndi matanthauzo ake apadera m'mabuku awiri. Kubwerera mmbuyo kumakhala ndi tanthawuzo lapadera pokhapokha mutatsatiridwa ndi chimodzi mwa anthu otsatirawa: $ , ` , " , \ , kapena
Mapangidwe apadera * ndi @ ali ndi tanthauzo lapadera pamene mumagwidwa awiri (onani PARAMETERS pansipa).
Mawu a fomu ya $ ' chingwe ' amachiritsidwa mwapadera. Mawuwo akuwonjezera ku zingwe , ndi anthu omwe athawirako omwe amatha kuchoka m'malo mwake omwe amatsatiridwa monga momwe zilili ndi ANSI C muyezo. Zotsatira zowonongeka, ngati zilipo, zikutchulidwa motere:
\ a
tcheru (belu)
\ b
kumbuyo
\ e
khalidwe lothawa
\ f
chakudya cha mawonekedwe
\ n
mzere watsopano
\ r
kubwerera kwa carriage
\ t
tabu losakanikirana
\ v
tabu yowongoka
\\
kubwerera mmbuyo
\ '
ndemanga imodzi
\ nnn
chiwerengero cha bitatu chomwe mtengo wake ndi octal value nnn (imodzi mpaka atatu chiwerengero)
\ x HH
chiwerengero cha bitatu chomwe mtengo wake ndi hexadecimal value HH (imodzi kapena awiri hex tarakimu)
\ c x
chiwonetsero- x khalidwe
Zotsatira zowonjezera ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi, ngati kuti chizindikiro cha dola sichinalipo.
Chingwe chophatikizidwa kawiri chomwe chinayikidwa ndi chizindikiro cha dola ( $ ) chidzachititsa kuti chingwecho chimasulidwe molingana ndi malo omwe alipo. Ngati malo enieni ali C kapena POSIX , chizindikiro cha dola chimanyalanyazidwa. Ngati chingwecho chimasuliridwa ndikusinthidwa, chotsatiracho chikutchulidwa kawiri.
PARAMETERS
A parameter ndi gulu limene limasunga zoyenera. Ikhoza kukhala dzina , chiwerengero, kapena chimodzi mwa anthu apadera omwe ali pansipa pansi pa Special Parameters . Zolinga za chipolopolozi ndizosiyana siyana zomwe zimatchulidwa ndi dzina . Kusintha kuli ndi mtengo ndi zero kapena zikhumbo zina . Zizindikiro zimaperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lofotokozera (onani mawu omwe ali m'munsimu mu SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS).
Chigawo cha parameter chimaikidwa ngati chapatsidwa mtengo. Chingwe chosanja ndilofunika. Pakatha kusintha, zingasokonezeke pokhapokha pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo losasinthidwa (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa).
Chosintha chingaperekedwe ndi mawu a mawonekedwe
dzina = [ mtengo ]
Ngati mtengo sunaperekedwe, chosinthika chimapatsidwa chingwe cha null. Zotsatira zonse zimaphatikiza kukula, parameter ndi kuwonjezereka kosintha, kuyika m'malo, kukulitsa kwa masamu, ndi kuchotsa mawu (onani EXPANSION pansipa). Ngati kusinthika kuli ndi malingaliro ake, ndiye kuti kufunika kumaphatikizapo kukula kwa masamu ngakhale kuti $ (()) sikulumikizidwa (onani kuwonjezeka kwa Arithmetic pansipa). Kugawikana kwa mawu sikungapangidwe, kupatula "$ @" monga momwe tafotokozera pansipa pa Special Parameters . Kukulitsa kwa dzina lachinsinsi sikuchitika. Zolemba za ntchito zingaoneke ngati zotsutsana ndi kulengeza , typeset , export , readonly , ndi malamulo omangira.
Posintha Zolemba
Maimidwe ake ali ndi chiwerengero chimodzi kapena zingapo, osati chiwerengero chimodzi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku ziganizo za chigoba pamene zikufunsidwa, ndipo zingatumizedwenso pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lokonzedwa . Zigawo zapadera sizingaperekedwe ndi mafotokozedwe a ntchito. Maimidwe ake amaloledwa pang'onopang'ono pamene chipolopolo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito (onani ZOYENERA pansipa).
Pamene gawo lapamwamba lokhala ndi chiwerengero choposa chimodzi chikulongosoledwa, ilo liyenera kulowetsedwa mu braces (onani EXPANSION pansipa).
Special Parameters
Chipolopolocho chimagwira magawo angapo makamaka. Zigawo izi zikhoza kutchulidwa; Ntchito yawo siyiloledwa.
*
Amagawira ku magawo ena, kuyambira pa chimodzi. Pamene kufalikira kumachitika m'mawu aĊµiri, ikulongosola ku mawu amodzi ndi mtengo wa parameter iliyonse yolekanitsidwa ndi khalidwe loyamba la kusintha kwapadera kwa IFS . Izi ndizo " $ * " ndizofanana ndi " $ 1 c $ 2 c ... ", pamene c ndi khalidwe loyamba la mtengo wa kusintha kwa IFS . Ngati IFS isasinthe, magawowa akulekanitsidwa ndi malo. Ngati IFS ilibe kanthu, magawowa akuphatikizidwa popanda opatukana.
@
Amagawira ku magawo ena, kuyambira pa chimodzi. Pamene kufalikira kumachitika m'mawu aĊµiri, gawo lirilonse likupita ku mawu osiyana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti " $ @ " ndizofanana ndi " $ 1 " " $ 2 " ... Ngati mulibe magawo ena, " $ @ " ndi $ @ mukulitsa kanthu (ie, iwo achotsedwa).
#
Ikulongosola ku chiwerengero cha magawo apakati pa decimal.
?
Akufutukula ku malo a bomba lapamwamba lomwe lapangidwe posachedwa.
-
Amagawira pazomwe zilipo pakalipano monga momwe zafotokozedwera pa kupemphedwa, ndi lamulo loyikidwa, kapena zomwe zili ndi chipolopolo chomwecho (monga -iyi ).
$
Amagawira ku chidziwitso cha chipolopolocho. Mu (), pansi pazimenezi, zimapita ku chidziwitso cha ndondomeko yamakono, osati chigamulo.
!
Ikulongosola ku chidziwitso cha ndondomeko ya lamulo laposachedwa lakupha (asynchronous).
0
Amawonjezera kwa dzina la chipolopolo kapena chipolopolo cha shell. Izi zakhazikitsidwa pachiyambi cha shell. Ngati mfuti imayankhidwa ndi fayilo ya malamulo, $ 0 yadziwika pa dzina la fayilo. Ngati bbuzi layamba ndi_kosankha , ndiye $ 0 yasankhidwa kutsutsana koyamba pambuyo pa chingwe choti chichitidwe, ngati wina alipo. Popanda kutero, yayikidwira pa fayilo dzina lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popempha bash , monga kuperekedwa ndi kutsutsana zero.
_
Pa kuyambira kwa chipolopolo, yesetsani ku dzina lafayilo la chipolopolo kapena chipolopolo cha chipolopolo chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinaperekedwa pa mndandanda wa zokambirana. Pambuyo pake, zimapita kumtsutso wotsiriza ku lamulo lapitalo, mutatha kuwonjezeka. Zikalembedwenso ku dzina lonse la fayilo la lamulo lirilonse limene laperekedwa ndikuyika chilengedwe kutumizidwa ku lamulo limenelo. Mukamayang'ana makalata, pulogalamuyi imatenga dzina la makalata omwe akutsatiridwa.
Mitundu ya Shell
Zotsatira zotsatirazi zimayikidwa ndi chipolopolo:
BASH
Ikufutukula ku dzina lonse lafayilo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popempha ichi cha bash .
BASH_VERSINFO
Zosintha zowerengeka zomwe ziwalo zawo zimagwiritsa ntchito mauthenga apadera pa chithunzi ichi cha bash . Malingaliro omwe apatsidwa kwa mamembala osiyanasiyana ndi awa:
BASH_VERSINFO [ 0]
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha nambala ( kumasulidwa ).
BASH_VERSINFO [ 1]
Nambala yaing'ono ( version ).
BASH_VERSINFO [ 2]
Chigawo cha chigamba.
BASH_VERSINFO [ 3]
Zomangamanga.
BASH_VERSINFO [ 4]
Mkhalidwe womasuka (mwachitsanzo, beta1 ).
BASH_VERSINFO [ 5]
Mtengo wa MACHTYPE .
BASH_VERSION
Ikulongosola ku chingwe cholongosola machitidwe a chithunzi ichi cha bash .
COMP_CWORD
COMP_LINE
Mzere wamakono wamakono. Kusintha kumeneku kumapezeka kokha ku ntchito zogwirira ntchito ndi malamulo omwe amachotsedwa ndi maofesi omwe amatha kukwaniritsa (onani Programmeable Completion ).
COMP_POINT
COMP_WORDS
Zosintha zosiyana (onani Zithunzi pansipa) zomwe zili ndi mawu omwe ali mu mzere wamakono. Kusintha kumeneku kumapezeka kokha ku zipolopolo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapulogalamu omwe amatha kukonzekera (onani Programmeable Completion ).
DIRSTACK
Zosintha zosiyana (onani Zomwe zili m'munsimu) zomwe ziri ndi zomwe zilipo panopa. Zowonjezera zikuwoneka mudothi mu dongosolo lomwe amawonetsedwa ndi adiresi omangidwa . Kuika kwa mamembala oterewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusinthira mauthenga omwe ali kale mu stack, koma makina opangira ndi popd ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera ndi kuchotsa mauthenga. Ntchito ku kusintha kumeneku sikudzasintha malonda omwe alipo. Ngati DIRSTACK yasintha , imatayika katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
EUID
Amagawira kwa ID yogwiritsira ntchito wogwiritsa ntchito, ayambitsidwa pa kuyambira kwa chipolopolo. Kusintha kotereku ndi readonly.
FUNCNAME
Dzina la kagulu kalikonse kamene kali pano likugwira ntchito. Kusintha kumeneku kulipo pokhapokha ngati ntchitoyi ikugwira ntchito. Maudindo ku FUNCNAME alibe zotsatira ndipo amabwezera zolakwika. Ngati FUNCNAME imasintha, imatayika katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
GROUPS
Mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi mndandanda wa magulu omwe wogwiritsa ntchito panopa ndi membala. Maudindo ku GROUPS alibe zotsatira ndipo amabwezera cholakwika. Ngati GROUPS yasokoneza, imatayika katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
HISTCMD
Nambala ya mbiri, kapena ndondomeko mu mndandanda wa mbiriyakale, wa lamulo la tsopano. Ngati HISTCMD imasintha, imataya katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
OTHANDIZA
Konzani mwachindunji ku dzina la alendo omwe alipo.
HOSTTYPE
Konzani mwatsatanetsatane chingwe chomwe chimamveketsa mwapadera mtundu wa makina omwe bash akuchita. Zosasintha zimadalira dongosolo.
LINENO
Nthawi iliyonse iyi imasindikizidwa, chipolopolocho chimalowetsa chiwerengero cha chiwerengero choyimira chiwerengero cha mndandanda wamakono (kuyambira ndi 1) mkati mwa script kapena ntchito. Ngati siziri muzolemba kapena ntchito, phindu lolowa mmalo silidatsimikiziridwa kukhala lopindulitsa. Ngati LINENO imasintha, imatayika katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
MACHTYPE
Konzani mwatsatanetsatane chingwe chomwe chimamveketsa bwino mtundu wa mawonekedwe omwe bash amachita, mu mawonekedwe a GNU cpu-kampani-dongosolo . Zosasintha zimadalira dongosolo.
OLDPWD
Bukhu loyamba la ntchito monga likuyikidwa ndi lamulo la cd .
OPTARG
Mtengo wa njira yomalizira kukangana yokonzedwa ndi getopts builtin command (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa).
OPTIND
Mndandanda wa mtsutso wotsatira umene udzakonzedwe ndi lamulo loyambira loyambira (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa).
OSTYPE
Konzani mwatsatanetsatane chingwe chomwe chikufotokoza momwe ntchito ikugwiritsira ntchito. Zosasintha zimadalira dongosolo.
PIPESTATUS
Zosintha zowonjezera (onani Zomwe zili m'munsimu) zomwe zili ndi mndandanda wa zofunikira zomwe zimachoka pazomwe zimachokera kumayendedwe am'mbuyomu (omwe angakhale ndi lamulo limodzi).
PPID
Mutu wa ndondomeko ya kholo la chipolopolo. Kusintha kotereku ndi readonly.
PWD
Zolemba zamakono zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga lamulo la cd .
RANDOM
Nthawi iliyonse iyiyi ikufotokozedwa, chiwerengero chosawerengeka pakati pa 0 ndi 32767 chimachitika. Mndandanda wa mawerengero osasintha angayambidwe pogawana mtengo kwa RANDOM . Ngati RANDOM imasintha, imatayika katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
REPLY
Ikani ku mndandanda wa zolembedwera zomwe zikuwerengedwa ndi lamulo lowerengedwa ngati palibe mfundo zomwe zimaperekedwa.
SECONDS
Nthawi iliyonse piritsiyi ikufotokozedwa, chiwerengero cha masekondi kuchokera pamene chipolopolo cha shell chibwezeretsedwa. Ngati mtengo waperekedwa ku SECONDS , mtengo umabwereranso pazokambiranazo ndi nambala ya masekondi kuchokera ku ntchito kuphatikizapo mtengo womwe wapatsidwa. Ngati SECONDS yasokoneza, imataya katundu wake wapadera, ngakhale atayambiranso.
SHELLOPTS
Mndandanda wolekanitsidwa ndi coloni wothandizira zipolopolo. Mawu aliwonse m'ndandanda ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni ya -yiyiyi ku lamulo loyikidwa (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa). Zosankha zowoneka mu SHELLOPTS ndizozolembedwa ngati ndi-- o . Ngati chilengedwechi chimasintha pamene bash ikuyamba, njira iliyonse yamagulu mundandandayi idzapatsidwa musanawerenge mafayilo onse oyambirira. Kusinthika uku ndikokuwerengedwa kokha.
SHLVL
Zosakanizidwa ndi imodzi nthawi iliyonse chitsanzo cha bash wasamba .
UID
Amapereka kwa ID ya wosuta wamtundu wamakono, kuyambitsidwa pa kuyambira kwa chipolopolo. Kusintha kotereku ndi readonly.
Zotsatira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chipolopolo. Nthawi zina, bash amapereka mtengo wosasintha kwa variable; milandu iyi ili pansipa.
BASH_ENV
Ngati parameteryi idaikidwa pamene bash akulemba script, mtengo wake umatanthauziridwa ngati dzina lamasitimu omwe ali ndi malamulo kuti ayambitse chipolopolo, monga ~ / .bashrc . Mtengo wa BASH_ENV umaperekedwa kuwonjezereka kwapakati, kulamulira m'malo, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa masamu musanatanthauzidwe ngati dzina la fayilo. PATH sichigwiritsa ntchito kufufuza dzina lopangitsa mafayilo.
CDPATH
Njira yofufuzira ya lamulo la cd . Ichi ndi mndandanda wosiyana wa makalata omwe chigoba chikuyang'ana malo opita kukalowera ndi chida cha cd . Chitsanzo cha mtengo ndi ":: ~: / usr".
COLUMNS
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lamulo losankhidwa lokonzedwa kuti mudziwe kukula kwazitali pamene makina osindikiza akusindikiza. Onetsani mwachindunji pa kulandila SIGWINCH.
COMPREPLY
Zosintha zosiyana zomwe amawerenga amawonekeratu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chipolopolo chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi malo osungirako ntchito (onani Programmeable Completion ).
FCEDIT
Mkonzi wosasinthika wa fc yomangira commandin.
FIGNORE
Mndandanda wa zilembo zosiyana ndi zakutali zomwe zimanyalanyaza pamene mukuchita kukwaniritsa mafayilo (onani READLINE pansipa). Dzina la fayilo limene chokwanira chimagwirizanitsa chimodzi mwazolowera ku FIGNORE sichidatchulidwa pa mndandanda wa mafayilo ofanana. Chitsanzo cha mtengo ndi ".o: ~".
GLOBIGNORE
Mndandanda wosiyana wozungulira wa machitidwe omwe amadziwika kuti apangidwe mafayilo osasamaliridwa ndi njira yowonjezera. Ngati dzina lachifanizo likugwirizana ndi njira yowonjezera yowonjezereka ikufanana ndi njira imodzi ku GLOBIGNORE , iyo imachotsedwa pa mndandanda wa masewero.
HISTCONTROL
Ngati iikidwa ku mtengo wa kusalabadira , mizere yomwe imayambira ndi munthu wa malo salowetsedwa pa mndandanda wa mbiriyakale. Ngati atayikidwa ku mtengo wonyalanyaza , mizere yofanana ndi mzere wa mbiri yakale sinalembedwe. Phindu la kunyalanyaza limaphatikizapo njira ziwiri. Ngati osasintha, kapena ngati atayikidwa ku mtengo wina uliwonse kuposa umene uli pamwambapa, mizere yonse yowerengedwa ndi wolembayo imasungidwa pa mndandanda wa mbiri, potsata mtengo wa HISTIGNORE . Ntchito yosinthikayi imayendetsedwa ndi HISTIGNORE . Mzere wachiwiri ndi wotsatira wotsatira malamulo a makina osiyanasiyana samayesedwa, ndipo akuwonjezeka ku mbiri mosasamala mtengo wa HISTCONTROL .
HISTFILE
Dzina la fayilo yomwe mbiri yakale imasungidwa (onani HISTORI pansipa). Chinthu chosasinthika ndi ~ / .bash_history . Ngati osasintha, mbiri yakale siidasungidwe pamene chipolopolo chophatikizika chikuchoka.
HISTFILESIZE
Nambala yochuluka ya mizere ili mu fayilo ya mbiriyakale. Pamene kusintha kumeneku kumapatsidwa phindu, fayilo ya mbiriyakale imayikidwa katatu, ngati kuli koyenera, kuti isakhale yochuluka kuposa nambala ya mizere. Mtengo wosasintha ndi 500. Fayilo ya mbiri yakale imatumizidwa ku kukula uku mutatha kulembera pamene chipolopolo chophatikizika chikuchoka.
HISTIGNORE
Mndandanda wosiyana-siyana wamtundu wa ndondomeko zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha kuti mizere yowonjezera iyenera kupulumutsidwa pa mndandanda wa mbiriyakale. Ndondomeko iliyonse imakhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa mzere ndipo iyenera kufanana ndi mzere wathunthu (palibe chiwonetsero cha ' * ' chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito). Njira iliyonse imayesedwa motsutsana ndi mzere pambuyo pofufuza zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi HISTCONTROL zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuwonjezera pa chikhalidwe chokhala ndi chipolopolo chofanana chofanana, ` & 'chikufanana ndi mzere wammbuyo wakale. ` & 'akhoza kuthawa pogwiritsa ntchito kubwerera mmbuyo; kubwerera mmbuyo kuchotsedwa musanayese machesi. Mzere wachiwiri ndi wotsatira wotsatira malamulo a makina ambiri samayesedwa, ndipo amawonjezeredwa ku mbiri mosasamala mtengo wa HISTIGNORE .
ZIZINDIKIRO
Chiwerengero cha malamulo omwe muyenera kukumbukira m'mbiri ya lamulo (onani HISTORI pansipa). Mtengo wosasintha ndi 500.
HOME
Wopezeramo kunyumba komwe akugwiritsa ntchito; ndemanga yosasinthika ya lamulo la cd builtin. Mtengo wa kusintha koterewu umagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga kukula.
HOSTFILE
Ili ndi dzina la fayilo mofanana ndi monga / etc / makamu omwe ayenera kuwerengedwera pamene chipolopolochi chiyenera kumaliza dzina lake. Mndandanda wa zotheka hostname kumaliza zingasinthe pamene chipolopolo chikuyendetsa; nthawi yotsatira yolandira dzina lomaliza kuyesedwa pambuyo phindu likusinthidwa, bash akuwonjezera zomwe zili mu fayilo yatsopano ku mndandanda womwe ulipo. Ngati HOSTFILE yakhazikitsidwa, koma ilibe phindu, bash amayesera kuwerenga / etc / makamu kuti apeze mndandanda wa mwayi wotchulidwa kuti hostname. HOSTFILE ikadasintha , dzina la eni ake limatulutsidwa.
IFS
Internal Field Separator yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mawu kugawanika pambuyo powonjezera ndikugawaniza mizere kukhala mawu ndi lamulo lolembedwa . Chinthu chosasinthika ndi ``
IGNOREEOF
Kulamulira chigwirizano cha chiyanjano chothandizira kulandira chikhalidwe cha EOF monga chokhacho chothandizira. Ngati atayikidwa, mtengo ndi chiwerengero cha zilembo za EOF zomwe ziyenera kuyimilidwa ngati zilembo zoyamba kutsogolo musanayambe abasi . Ngati zosinthika zilipo koma alibe chiwerengero, kapena zopanda phindu, mtengo wosasintha ndi 10. Ngati kulibe, EOF imatsimikizira kutha kwa zolembera.
INPUTRC
Dzina la fayilo la fayilo yoyamba, yomwe ili pamwamba pa ~ / .inputrc (onani READLINE pansipa).
LANG
Anagwiritsira ntchito chigawo cha malo a gulu lililonse osasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi kusintha kuyambira LC_ .
LC_ALL
Kusintha kumeneku kumaposa phindu la LANG ndi mtundu wina uliwonse wa LC wosonyeza chigawo cha malo.
LC_COLLATE
Kusintha kumeneku kumapanga dongosolo logwiritsira ntchito poyesa zotsatira za njira yowonjezera, ndipo limakhazikitsa khalidwe la mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana, maphunzilo ofanana, ndi kusakanikirana motsatira njira yowonjezera ndi kufanana ndi chitsanzo.
LC_CTYPE
Kusintha kotereku kumapangitsa kutanthauzira kwa anthu omwe ali ndi makhalidwe komanso khalidwe la anthu omwe amadziwika kuti akufutukula komanso kufanana.
LC_MESSAGES
Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa malo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito kumasulira zingwe zophatikizidwa kawiri zomwe zaperekedwa ndi $ .
LC_NUMERIC
Kusintha kumeneku kumapanga gulu la malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chiwerengero.
ZINTHU
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lamulo losankhidwa lokonzedwa kuti mudziwe kutalika kwa mzere wa kusindikiza mitundu. Onetsani mwachindunji pa kulandila SIGWINCH.
Ngati parameteryi yayikidwa ku dzina la fayilo ndipo chosasintha cha MAILPATH sichikhazikitsidwa, bash amawuza wogwiritsa ntchito maimelo mu fayilo.
MAILCHECK
Imatanthawuza nthawi zingati (mumasekondi) bash checks for mail. Chosalephera ndi masekondi 60. Nthawi ikadzayendera makalata, chipolopolocho chimachita zimenezi musanayambe kukuyambitsani. Ngati kusinthika uku kusasinthika, kapena kuyika mtengo umene si nambala yaikulu kapena yofanana ndi zero, chipolopolo chikulepheretsa kuwona makalata.
Mndandanda wosiyana wozungulira wa maina a fayilo kuti afufuze makalata. Uthenga umene uyenera kusindikizidwa ngati makalata akufika pa fayilo yapadera akhoza kufotokozedwa polekanitsa dzina la fayilo kuchokera ku uthenga ndi `? '. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu a uthenga, $ _ ikupita ku dzina la ma mailmail. Chitsanzo:
MAILPATH = '/ var / mail / bfox? "Muli ndi makalata": ~ / shell-mail? "$ _ Ili ndi makalata!"'
Bash imapereka mtengo wosasinthika wa kusintha uku, koma malo a mauthenga a makalata omwe amagwiritsira ntchito ndi kudalira machitidwe (mwachitsanzo, / var / mail / $ USER ).
OPTERR
Ngati atayikidwa ku mtengo 1, bash amasonyeza mauthenga olakwika opangidwa ndi getopts builtin command (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa). OPTERR imayambitsidwa kwa 1 nthawi iliyonse pamene chipolopolo chikuyankhidwa kapena script ikugwira ntchito.
PATH
Njira yofufuzira ya malamulo. Ndilo mndandanda wosiyana wa makoloni omwe chigoba chikuyang'ana malamulo (onani CHIKUMBUTSO CHA COMMAND pansipa). Njira yosayenerera ndiyodalira-kachitidwe kachitidwe, ndipo imayikidwa ndi wotsogolera yemwe amaika bash . Mtengo wodziwika ndi `` / usr / gnu / bin: / usr / loc / bin: / usr / ucb: / bin: / usr / bin :. ''.
POSIXLY_CORRECT
Ngati chilengedwechi chimasintha pamene bash ikuyamba, chipolopolocho chimalowetsa pang'onopang'ono musanawerenge mafayilo oyambira, ngati kuti_popopopotopang'ono yopempherera itaperekedwa. Ngati itayikidwa pamene chipolopolo chikuyendetsa, bash imathandiza posix mode , ngati kuti lamulo la- setoo posix lidawonongedwa .
PROMPT_COMMAND
Ngati atayikidwa, mtengowo umayankhidwa ngati lamulo musanatuluke msangamsanga uliwonse.
PS1
Mtengo wa parameterwu ukufutukula (onani KUYENERA pansipa) ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chingwe chofulumira. Chinthu chosasinthika ndi `` \ s- \ v \ $ ''.
PS2
Mtengo wa parameterwu ukufutukula monga PS1 ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chingwe chachiwiri chofulumira. Zosasintha ndi `` > ''.
PS3
Mtengo wa parameterwu ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mwamsanga kwa lamulo losankhidwa (onani SHELL GRAMMAR pamwamba).
PS4
Mtengo wa parameterwu ukufutukula monga PS1 ndipo mtengo umasindikizidwa musanayambe maulamuli amodzi pa nthawi yowonetsa. Makhalidwe oyambirira a PS4 amafotokozedwa mobwerezabwereza, ngati n'kofunikira, kusonyeza maulendo angapo osiyana. Zosasintha ndi `` + ''.
TIMEFORMAT
Mtengo wa parameterwu ukugwiritsidwa ntchito monga fani ya fomu yomwe ikuwonetsera momwe nthawi yamapipi amadziĊµira ndi nthawi yosungidwa iyenera kuwonetsedwa. Chikhalidwe cha % chimapereka ndondomeko yopulumukira yomwe imakula mpaka kufunika kwa nthawi kapena zina. Zotsatira za kuthawa ndi matanthauzo ake ndi awa; mitsempha imatanthauzira magawo osankhidwa.
%%
Zenizeni % .
% [ p ] [l] R
Nthawi yadutsa mu masekondi.
% [ p ] [l] U
Chiwerengero cha masekondi a CPU agwiritsidwa ntchito mumagwiritsidwe ntchito.
% [ p ] [l] S
Chiwerengero cha masekondi a CPU chinagwiritsidwa ntchito mwadongosolo.
% P
Peresenti ya CPU, yowerengedwa ngati (% U +% S) /% R.
Chosankhidwa p ndi chiwerengero chofotokozera molondola , chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha magawo ochepa omwe ali ndi decimal. Phindu la 0 limapangitsa kuti pasakhale chigawo cha decimal kapena kachigawo kakang'ono kamene kadzapangidwe. Pamalo atatu malo pambuyo poti decimal yafotokozedwa; Makhalidwe a p oposa 3 amasinthidwa kukhala 3. Ngati p sinafotokozedwe, mtengo 3 umagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zomwe ndikufuna kusankhazo zimatanthauzira mtundu wautali, kuphatikizapo mphindi, za mawonekedwe MM m SS . FF s. Mtengo wa p umatsimikizira ngati chidutswacho chikuphatikizidwa kapena ayi.
Ngati kusinthika uku sikukhazikitsidwa , bash amachita ngati ali ndi mtengo wa $ '\ nreal \ t% 3lR \ nuser \ t% 3lU \ nsys% 3lS' . Ngati mtengo ulibe kanthu, palibe mauthenga a nthawi yomwe amawonetsedwa. Mndandanda wamtundu watsopano ukuwonjezeka pamene fayilo ya fomu ikuwonetsedwa.
TMOUT
Ngati iikidwa ku mtengo waukulu kuposa zero, TMOUT imasankhidwa ngati nthawi yosasinthika kwa kuwerenga . Lamulo losankhidwa limathera ngati zolembedwera sizibwera pambuyo pa masekondi a TMOUT pamene zolembera zimachokera ku chimatha. Mu chigwirizano chophatikizana, mtengo umatanthauzidwa ngati chiwerengero cha masekondi akudikira zolembera mutatha kupereka mwamsanga. Bash imatha atatha kuyembekezera chiwerengero chimenecho cha masekondi ngati zolembedwera sizifika.
auto_resume
Kusinthasintha kotereku kumayendetsa momwe chipolopolo chikugwirizanirana ndi wogwiritsa ntchito komanso kuyang'anira ntchito. Ngati kusintha kotereku kuikidwa, mawu osalongosola amodzi osamveka popanda kutsutsidwa amachitidwa ngati ovomerezeka kuti abwezeretsedwe ntchito yomwe yasiya. Palibe chidziwitso chololedwa; ngati pali ntchito yochuluka yoyambira ndi chingwe choyimiridwa, ntchito yomwe mwasandulidwa posachedwapa imasankhidwa. Dzina la ntchito yowonongeka, pambaliyi, ndilo mzere wotsogoleredwa kuti uyambe. Ngati atayikidwa pa mtengo weniweni , chingwe chomwe chimaperekedwa chiyenera kufanana ndi dzina la ntchito yowonongeka; ngati atayikidwa kumbuyo , chingwe chomwe chimaperekedwa chimayenera kufanana ndi gawo lina la ntchito yomwe yasiya. Choyimira cham'mbuyo chimapereka ntchito yogwirizana ndi %? chodziwitsa ntchito (onani JOB CONTROL pansipa). Ngati atayikidwa ku mtengo wina uliwonse, chingwe choperekedwa chiyenera kukhala chiyambi cha dzina la ntchito; izi zimapereka ntchito zogwirizana ndi % ntchito yowunikira.
histchars
Maonekedwe awiri kapena atatu omwe amachititsa kuti mbiri yowonjezera ndi kubwezeretsa mbiri (onani HISTORY EXPANSION pansipa). Mkhalidwe woyamba ndi khalidwe lokulitsa mbiri , khalidwe limene limasonyeza kuyamba kwa mbiriyakale, kawirikawiri ` ! '. Chikhalidwe chachiwiri ndi khalidwe lofulumizitsa kusinthika , lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mwachidule pofuna kubwezeretsanso lamulo lapitalo lolowedweramo, kulowetsa chingwe chimodzi kwa wina mu lamulo. Kulephera ndi ` ^ '. Chikhalidwe chotsatira chachitatu ndi khalidwe limene limasonyeza kuti mzere wotsalirawo ndi ndemanga pamene umapezeka ngati khalidwe loyamba la mawu, kawirikawiri ` # '. Mkhalidwe wa ndemanga wa mbiriyakale amachititsa kusintha kwa mbiriyakale kumadumpha kwa mawu otsala pa mzere. Sikuti amachititsa kuti khungulo lizikhala lokha.
Zokambirana
Bash imapereka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosiyana. Zosintha zilizonse zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gulu; malonjezedwewo adzalengeza momveka bwino. Palibe malire apamwamba pa kukula kwa mndandanda, kapena chofunikira chirichonse kuti mamembala azikhala owerengedwa kapena apatsidwa mwadongosolo. Mipukutu imatumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito integers ndipo ili ndi zero.
Mtundu umapangidwira mosavuta ngati kusintha kulikonse kumapatsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la syntax [ subscript ] = mtengo . Mndandandawo umatengedwa ngati mawu a masamu omwe ayenera kuwerengera kwa chiwerengero chachikulu kapena chofanana ndi zero. Kuti mufotokoze momveka bwino, gwiritsani ntchito kulengeza- dzina (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa). kulengeza - dzina [ lolembetsa ] nalandiridwa; zolembazo zimanyalanyazidwa. Makhalidwe angapangidwe chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwakukulu pogwiritsira ntchito zomangamanga ndi zomangika . Chikhumbo chirichonse chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mamembala onse a gulu.
Mipata imapatsidwa ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe = dzina ( value 1 ... value n ) , momwe mtengo uliwonse uli wa mawonekedwe [ olembetsa ] = zingwe . Chingwe chokha chimayenera . Ngati makina osankhidwa ndi olembetsa akuperekedwa, ndondomekoyi imapatsidwa; Apo ayi, mndandanda wa cholembedwacho ndi gawo lomalizira loperekedwa ndi mawu limodzi limodzi. Kulingalira kumayambira pa zero. Chigwirizanochi chikuvomerezedwa ndi olengeza . Zomwe munthu angagwiritse ntchito zingapatsidwe kugwiritsa ntchito dzina [ subscriptions ] = mtengo wamagwirizanowu womwe uli pamwambapa.
Zomangamanga zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga zida. Dzina losavomerezeka [ lolembetsa ] likuwononga zinthu zomwe zili pa index. dzina losasinthika , pamene dzina ndilolumikiza, kapena kutsegula dzina [ma subscription ], kumene subscript ndi * kapena @ , amachotsa zonsezo.
Zomangamanga, zowonongeka , ndi zowonongedwa aliyense amalandira -chidindo chofotokozera gulu. Kuwerenga kwina kukuvomereza -chasankha kuti ukhale ndi mndandanda wa mawu owerengedwa kuchokera ku zolembedwera zomwe zimaperekedwa ku gulu. Zomwe zimayikidwa ndi kulengeza ziwonetsero zimawonetsera zikhalidwe zamtunduwu zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azigwiritsidwanso ntchito.
KUCHITA
Kuwonjezeka kumachitika pa mzere wa lamulo mutagawanika kukhala mawu. Pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya kuwonjezereka: kukulitsa kachulukidwe, kukula kwina , parameter ndi kuwonjezereka kosinthika , kuika mmalo mwa malamulo , kukulitsa kwa masamu , kugawa mawu , ndi njira yowonjezera .
Lamulo la kuwonjezereka ndilo: kukulitsa kowonjezera, kuwonjezereka, kusintha, kusintha kwa masamu ndi kulembera malamulo (kuchitidwa kumanzere kumanzere), kugawa mawu, ndi njira yowonjezera.
Pa machitidwe omwe angathe kuthandizira, pali kukula kwina kulipo: ndondomeko yotsatila .
Kukula kwa Nsonga
Kukula kwa nsalu ndi njira imene zingwe zikhoza kupangidwira. Njirayi ikufanana ndi kukula kwa njira , koma mafayilo opangidwa ndi mafano sayenera kukhalapo. Zitsanzo kuti zikhale zowonjezereka zimatenga mawonekedwe a chithunzithunzi chotsatira, motsogoleredwa ndi zingwe zogawanika pakati pa awiri awiri, motsogoleredwa ndi postscript . Choyambiriracho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito patsogolo pa chingwe chilichonse chomwe chili mkati mwake, ndipo zolemberazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chingwe chilichonse, kuwonjezera kumanzere kupita kumanja.
Kukhazikika kwa nsalu kungakhale chisa. Zotsatira za chingwe chilichonse chowonjezeredwa sizinasankhidwe; Kumanzere kupita ku ndondomeko yoyenera kumasungidwa. Mwachitsanzo, { d, c, b } e ikupita ku `ade ace abe '.
Kukulitsa kwa ubongo kumachitidwa musanatulukidwe wina aliyense, ndipo zilembo zilizonse zomwe zimaperekedwa kuzinthu zina zimasungidwa mu zotsatira. Ndizolembedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Bash sichitanthauzira kutanthauzira kwachiyankhulo kumbali ya kukula kapena zolemba pakati pa braces.
Zomangamanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chifuwa pamene chiwerengero chofala cha zingwe zopangidwa ndizitali kuposa momwe zilili pamwambapa:
mkdir / usr / loc / src / bash / {akale, atsopano, dist, mbozi)
kapena
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
Kukula kwa ubongo kumatanthauzira pang'ono kusagwirizana ndi mbiri yakale ya sh . sh sichitikira kutsegula kapena kutseketsa mavoti makamaka pamene amawoneka ngati gawo la mawu, ndipo amawasunga mu zotsatira. Bash imachotsa mabelloni kuchokera ku mawu monga zotsatira za kukula kwa brace. Mwachitsanzo, mawu amalowa ku sh monga fayilo {1,2} amawonekera mofanana ndi zotsatira. Mawu omwewo amachokera ngati fayilo1 file2 pambuyo poonjezera ndi bash . Ngati mwatsatanetsatane ndi sh ikufunidwa, yambani kusamba ndi B + kapena musatsekezeze kukula kwa brace ndi B + kuti muike lamulo (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa).
Kuwonjezeka kwa Tilde
Ngati mawu amayamba ndi chikhalidwe chosasinthika (` ~ '), anthu onse omwe akuyambanso kuponyedwa kosagwedezeka (kapena zilembo zonse, ngati palibe kutchulidwa kosavomerezeka) zimatengedwa ngati choyambirira . Ngati palibe wina wa malemba omwe ali pamtunduwu, malemba omwe ali mu chithunzi chotsatira pambuyo pa tilde amatengedwa ngati dzina lolowetsa . Ngati dzina lolowera ndilo chingwe, chithunzicho chimalowetsedwa ndi mtengo wa parameter. Ngati HOME sakusokoneza, tsamba la kunyumba la munthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito chipolopololo limalowe m'malo mwake. Kupanda kutero, choyimira-tilde chimasinthidwa ndi bukhu la nyumba lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina lolembedweratu.
Ngati chithunzi-choyimira ndi `~ + ', mtengo wa chigoba chotchedwa PWD chimasintha m'malo mwake. Ngati chithunzi-choyimira ndi `~ - ', mtengo wa chigoba cha OLDPWD , ngati ulipo, umalowetsamo. Ngati malemba omwe ali pamtsinjewo ali ndi chiwerengero cha N , mwachindunji chisanafike ndi `+ 'kapena` -', chilembo chotsatiracho chimaloledwa ndi zomwe zikugwirizana kuchokera ku bolodi, monga momwe ziwonetsedwere ndi adilesi omangidwa construcin akuyankhidwa ndi tilde-prefix monga kukangana. Ngati malemba omwe akutsatira pa tilde mu chilembo chotsatira ali ndi nambala yopanda '+' kapena `- ',' + 'imaganiziridwa.
Ngati dzina lolowa ndilosavomerezeka, kapena kufalikira kwina sikulephera, mawuwo sasintha.
Ntchito iliyonse yosinthidwa imayang'aniridwa ndi malemba omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo : kapena = = . Pazochitikazi, kufalikira kwachitanso kumachitika. Chifukwa chake, wina angagwiritse ntchito maina a fayilo ndi ma tildes mu ntchito ku PATH , MAILPATH , ndi CDPATH , ndipo chipolopolocho chimapereka kuonjezera mtengo.
Kuwonjezeka kwa Parameter
Makhalidwe `` $ 'amachititsa kukula kwa parameter, kuika m'malo mmalo, kapena kukula kwa masamu. Dzina lapadera kapena chizindikiro chofutukuka likhoza kulowetsedwa mu ma-braces, omwe angasankhe koma amateteza kutanthauzira kuti afalikire kuchokera kumagulu mwamsanga pambuyo pake omwe angatanthauzidwe monga gawo la dzina.
Pamene galasi likugwiritsidwa ntchito, kugwirana kotsirizira koyambirira ndiko koyamba ` } 'osapulumuka ndi kubwerera mmbuyo kapena mu chingwe chomwe chatchulidwapo, osati mkati mwakulumikizidwa kwa masamu, kulembera malamulo, kapena kupititsa patsogolo.
Mtengo wa parameter umalowetsamo. Mitsemphayi imafunika pamene chizindikiro chiri ndi chiwerengero choposa chiwerengero chimodzi, kapena pamene parameter ikutsatiridwa ndi khalidwe lomwe siliyenera kumasuliridwa ngati gawo la dzina lake.
Pa milandu yonse ili pansipa, mawu akuyenera kukulitsa kufalikira, kukula kwa parameter, kuika mmalo m'malo, ndi kukula kwa masamu. Pamene sitingapange zowonjezereka, yesetsani masewera a parameter omwe sanasinthe kapena opanda; kuchotsa chikhomo kumayesero kokha pamasimidwe omwe samasintha.
Gwiritsani ntchito Makhalidwe Osasintha . Ngati parameter isasinthe kapena yosasintha, kufalikira kwa mawu kumalowa m'malo. Apo ayi, mtengo wa parameter umalowe m'malo.
Perekani Zosintha Zosintha . Ngati parameter isasinthe kapena yosasunthika, kufalikira kwa mawu kumaperekedwa kwa parameter . Mtengo wa parameter ndiye umalowetsamo. Zomwe zimapangidwira ndi magawo apadera sangaperekedwe mwanjira iyi.
Onetsani Cholakwika Ngati Chisokonezo Kapena Chisanthane . Ngati kusintha kwapadera kulibe kanthu, kufalikira kwa mawu (kapena uthenga kutero ngati mawu salipo) kwalembedwa kulakwitsa kwake ndipo chipolopolocho, ngati chosagwirizana, chichoke. Apo ayi, mtengo wa parameter umalowe m'malo.
Gwiritsani Ntchito Mtengo Wina . Ngati parameter ndi yosasintha kapena yosasinthika, palibe chomwe chimalowetsamo, mwinamwake kufalikira kwa mawu kumalowa m'malo.
Akufutukula ku maina a zosiyana zomwe mayina awo amayamba ndi choyamba , osiyana ndi khalidwe loyamba la IFS lapadera.
Kutalika mu zilembo za mtengo wa parameter kumalowa m'malo. Ngati parameter ndi * kapena @ , mtengo wamalowe m'malo ndi malo omwe mumakhala nawo. Ngati parameter ndi dzina lotchulidwa ndi * kapena @ , mtengo wogonjetsedwa ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zili m'gulu.
Mawuwo akufutukulidwa kuti apange ndondomeko monga momwe angatchulire kukula. Ngati chithunzi chikuyambira kuyambira kwa mtengo wa parameter , ndiye zotsatira za kukula ndi kukula kwa parameter ndifupi yofananako chitsanzo (`` ` # '' tsamba) kapena longest matching pattern (` ` ## ' 'mlandu' wachotsedwa. Ngati parameter ndi @ kapena * , ntchito yochotsa kachitidweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasimidwe aliwonsewo, ndipo kufalikira ndilo mndandanda wotsatira. Ngati parameter ndi mtundu wosiyanasiyana womwe umapezeka ndi @ kapena * , ntchito yochotsamo chitsanzo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa membala aliyense payekha, ndipo kufalikira ndilo mndandanda wotsatira.
Mawuwo akufutukulidwa kuti apange ndondomeko monga momwe angatchulire kukula. Ngati pulogalamuyi ikugwirizana ndi gawo la mtengo woonjezera wa piritsi , ndiye zotsatira za kufalikira ndi mtengo woonjezera wa parameter ndi yochepa kwambiri yofananako (mtundu `` ` % '') kapena longest matching pattern (` `` % % '') Ngati parameter ndi @ kapena * , ntchito yochotsa kachitidweyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasimidwe aliwonsewo, ndipo kufalikira ndilo mndandanda wotsatira. Ngati parameter ndi mtundu wosiyanasiyana womwe umapezeka ndi @ kapena * , ntchito yochotsamo chitsanzo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa membala aliyense payekha, ndipo kufalikira ndilo mndandanda wotsatira.
Chitsanzocho chikufutukuka kuti chikhale ndi chitsanzo monga momwe akuyendetsera kukula. Parameter yowonjezereka ndipo mzere wotalika kwambiri wa chitsanzo motsutsana ndi mtengo wake umasinthidwa ndi chingwe . Muyambidwe yoyamba, mzere woyamba ndiwo womwe umasinthidwa. Fomu yachiwiri imapangitsa zonse zofanana za chitsanzo kuti zisinthidwe ndi chingwe . Ngati ndondomeko ikuyamba ndi # , iyenerana kumayambiriro kwa mtengo woonjezera wa parameter . Ngati ndondomeko ikuyamba ndi % , iyenerana kumapeto kwa mtengo woonjezera wa parameter . Ngati chingwe palibe, mafanidwe a chitsanzo amachotsedwa ndipo chitsanzo chotsatira chikhoza kuchotsedwa. Ngati parameter ndi @ kapena * , ntchito yowonjezera imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasimidwe aliwonse, komanso kuwonjezeka ndilo mndandanda wa zotsatira. Ngati parameter ndizowonjezera malemba ndi @ kapena * , ntchito yowonjezera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa membala aliyense, ndipo kukula kwake ndi mndandanda wa zotsatira.
Lamulo lokhazikitsidwa
Lamulo lolowetsa likuloleza zotsatira za lamulo kuti zisinthe dzina la lamulo. Pali mitundu iwiri:
$ ( lamulo )
kapena
` lamulo`
Bash amapanga chitukuko mwa kuchita lamulo ndi kusintha malo amalowetsedwe ndi chiwonetsero cha lamulo, ndizitsulo zilizonse zotsatila zichotsedwa. Mauthenga atsopano omwe amachotsedwa sangachotsedwe, koma akhoza kuchotsedwa pa kugawa mawu. Lamulo lolowera m'malo $ (katchi fayilo ) ikhoza kulowetsedwa ndi ndalama zofanana koma mofulumira $ (< fayilo ).
Pamene mawonekedwe akale a mawonekedwe akale akugwiritsiridwa ntchito, kubwereranso kumatanthawuza tanthawuzo lake lenileni kupatula pamene likutsatiridwa ndi $ , ` , kapena \ . Chotsatira choyambirira chosadutsedwe ndi kubwerera kumbuyo kumathetsa kusintha kwa lamulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a $ ( command ), onse owerengeka pakati pa makolowa amapanga lamulo; palibe omwe amachitikira mwapadera.
Zosintha zobwereza zikhoza kukhala zisa. Kuti mukhale chisa pogwiritsira ntchito mawonekedwe otsatirako, thawirani kumbuyo komwe kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo.
Ngati kusinthanso kumawonekera m'mawu aĊµiri, kupatukana kwa mawu ndi kutambasula dzina sikunayankhidwe pa zotsatira.
Kuwonjezeka kwa Arithmetic
Kuwonjezeka kwa chidziwitso kumalola kuyesa kwa mawu a masamu ndi kulowetsa zotsatira. Chikhalidwe cha kukula kwa masamu ndi:
$ (( mawu )
Mawuwo amachitidwa ngati kuti anali mkati mwa malemba awiri, koma mawu amodzi mwa magawo awiri mkati mwa makolowa sali kuchiritsidwa mwapadera. Zonsezi m'zofotokozera zimapitiriza kukula, kuyendetsa chingwe, kulamulira m'malo, ndi kubwereza kuchotsa. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zikhoza kukhala zisa.
Kuyesa kumachitika molingana ndi malamulo omwe ali pansipa pansi pa KUYEREKERA KWA ARITHMETIC . Ngati mawu ali osayenera, bash amasindikiza uthenga wosonyeza kulephera ndi kusinthika.
Njira Yowonjezera
Njira yothandizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zomwe zimatchedwa mapaipi ( FIFOs ) kapena njira / dev / fd yotchula maofesi otseguka. Zimatengera mawonekedwe a <( mndandanda ) kapena > ( mndandanda ) . Mndandanda wa ndondomekoyi umayendetsedwa ndi zotsatira zake kapena zochokera ku FIFO kapena fayilo mu / dev / fd . Dzina la fayiloyi laperekedwa ngati kutsutsana kwa lamulo lomwe liripo monga zotsatira za kukula. Ngati >> ( mndandanda ) mawonekedwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito, kulembera fayilo kudzapereka zowonjezera mndandanda . Ngati fomu ya (<( mndandanda ) ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, fayilo inadutsa ngati mkangano uyenera kuwerengedwa kuti upeze zotsatira za mndandanda .
Ngati zilipo, njira yothandizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi kuwonjezereka kwapakati ndi kusinthika, kulamulira m'malo, ndi kukula kwa masamu.
Mawu akuwaza
Chigoba chimayang'ana zotsatira za kukula kwa parameter, kuika mmalo m'malo, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa masamu zomwe sizinachitikire mkati mwa ziganizo ziwiri zomwe zimagawidwa mawu .
Chipolopolocho chimagwira khalidwe lililonse la IFS ngati delimiter, ndipo limagawaniza zotsatira za zina zomwe zimatchulidwa m'mawu pazinthu izi. Ngati IFS isasinthe, kapena mtengo wake ulipo
Zotsutsa zosatsutsika ( "" kapena "' ) zimasungidwa. Zotsutsana zosagwirizana zosagwirizana, chifukwa cha kukula kwa magawo omwe alibe malingaliro, achotsedwa. Ngati choyimira chopanda phindu chikuwonjezeka mkati mwazolemba ziwiri, zotsatira zotsutsana ndizosungidwa.
Onani kuti ngati palibe kukula, palibe kupatulidwa komwe kumachitika.
Kuwonjezereka kwa dzina
Pambuyo pa kugawidwa kwa mawu, kupatula ngati -kopanda njira yakhazikitsidwa, bash amawunikira mawu aliwonse a malembo * ,? , ndi [ . Ngati mmodzi wa anthuwa akuwonekera, ndiye kuti mawuwa amawoneka ngati chitsanzo , ndipo amalowetsa mndandanda wa maina a fayilo omwe akufanana nawo. Ngati palibe mayina ofanana omwe akupezeka, ndipo chipolopolo chosasankhidwa chinachotsedwa , mawuwo asinthika. Ngati chisankho chotsaliracho chikhazikitsidwa, ndipo palibe mndandanda womwe umapezeka, mawu achotsedwa. Ngati chisankho cha nocaseglob chogwiritsidwa ntchito chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, machesiwa amachitira mosasamala za nkhani ya zilembo za alfabeti. Pamene pulogalamu ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa dzina, chikhalidwe ``. '' Kumayambiriro kwa dzina kapena mwamsanga potsatira slash chiyenera kufanana momveka bwino, kupatula ngati chiganizo cha dotglob chimaikidwa. Pofananitsa dzina la mayendedwe, chikhalidwe cha slash chiyenera kukhala chofanana nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina, chikhalidwe cha ``. '' Sichichiritsidwa mwapadera. Onani tsatanetsatane wa m'munsimu pansi pa SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS kuti mufotokoze za nocaseglob , nullglob , ndi mayankho a dotglob .
The GLOBIGNORE shell variable ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuletsa maina a fayilo ofanana ndi chitsanzo . Ngati GLOBIGNORE yakhazikitsidwa, dzina lililonse la fayilo lomwe limagwirizanitsa chimodzi mwazochitika mu GLOBIGNORE lichotsedwa pa mndandanda wa masewera. Mayina a fayilo ``. '' Ndi `` .. '' amanyalanyazidwa, ngakhale pamene GLOBIGNORE yakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, kukhazikitsa GLOBIGNORE kuli ndi mphamvu yotsegula pepala la dotglob , kotero maina ena onse a mafayipi akuyamba ndi ``. '' Adzafanana. Kuti mutenge khalidwe lakale la kunyalanyaza maina a fayilo kuyambira ndi ``. '' , Pangani ``. '' ' Imodzi mwazochitika mu GLOBIGNORE . Chovala cha dotglob chikulephereka pamene GLOBIGNORE sakuyimitsa .
Kufananitsa Zithunzi
Makhalidwe onse omwe amawoneka mu ndondomeko, osati maofesedwe apadera omwe atchulidwa pansipa, amatsutsana okha. Chikhalidwe cha NUL sichingakhoze kuchitika mu chitsanzo. Machitidwe apadera omwe anthu akuyenera kutsatiridwa ayenera kutchulidwa ngati akuyenera kufanana.
Machitidwe apadera omwe ali nawo ali ndi matanthauzo otsatirawa:
*
Amayimitsa chingwe chilichonse, kuphatikizapo chingwe cha null.
?
Amasinthasintha munthu aliyense.
[...]
Amayanjanitsa chimodzi mwa zilembo zotsekedwa. Mapepala awiri omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi chithunzithunzi amasonyeza kuwonetsera kosiyanasiyana; Chikhalidwe chilichonse chimene chimagwirizana pakati pa anthu awiriwa, kuphatikizapo, pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika motsatira ndondomeko zamakono komanso zoyimira, zimagwirizana. Ngati khalidwe loyambirira lotsatira [ ndi ! kapena a ^ ndiye khalidwe lirilonse losatsekedwa likufanana. Kukonzekera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'mawu osiyana kumatsimikiziridwa ndi malo omwe alipo komanso mtengo wa chigoba cha LC_COLLATE , ngati chitayikidwa . A - akhoza kugwirizanitsa ndi kuphatikizapo ngati khalidwe loyambirira kapena lomalizira muyikidwa. A ] ikhoza kufanana ndi kuphatikizapo khalidwe loyambirira.
M'kati mwa [ ndi ] , zigawo za khalidwe zimatha kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana [: kalasi :] , pomwe kalasi ndi imodzi mwa magulu otsatirawa omwe akufotokozedwa muyezo wa POSIX.2:
alnum alpha monga chithunzi chojambulidwa cntrl chijerengero chaching'ono chithunzi chosindikizira chingwe chapamwamba mawu xdigit
Mndandanda wa chikhalidwe umayenderana ndi chikhalidwe chirichonse cha gululo. Liwu loyimira chikhalidwe likufanana ndi makalata, mawerengedwe, ndi chikhalidwe _.
M'kati mwa [ ndi ] , chiwerengero chofanana chikhoza kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito syntax [= c =] , yomwe ikufanana ndi anthu onse omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chofanana (monga momwe zilili pano) monga chikhalidwe c .
M'kati [ ndi ] , mawu ofotokozera [. chizindikiro .] chikugwirizana ndi chizindikiro chophiphiritsira chophiphiritsira .
Ngati chophimba cha extglob chogwiritsidwa ntchito chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsidwa ntchito kosavuta , njira zingapo zowonjezereka zofanana ndi ogwira ntchito zimadziwika. Mu ndondomeko yotsatirayi, ndondandanda-ndandandanda ndi mndandanda wa njira imodzi kapena zingapo zolekanitsidwa ndi | . Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zingapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito chimodzi kapena zingapo zotsatirazi:
? ( chitsanzo-mndandanda )
Mafanidwe a zero kapena zochitika chimodzi pazochitika
* ( ndandanda-mndandanda )
Zowonetsera zero kapena zochitika zambiri za machitidwe opatsidwa
+ ( ndandanda-mndandanda )
Amayendera chimodzi kapena zambiri zomwe zimaperekedwa
@ ( chithunzi-mndandanda )
Zimayenderana ndendende chimodzi mwazopatsidwa
! ( chitsanzo-mndandanda )
Zimayendera chirichonse kupatula chimodzi mwazopatsidwa
Kuchotsa Kuchotsa
Zomwe zisanachitike, zochitika zonse zosagwirizana za anthu, \ " , ndi " zomwe sizinawonongeke kuchotsedwapo.
REDIRECTION
Lamulo lisanamwalidwe, zowonjezera ndi zowonjezera zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chapadera chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ndi chipolopolocho. Kuwomboledwanso kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsegula ndi kutseka mafayilo chifukwa cha chilengedwe chomwe chikuchitika panopa. Otsatira otsogolera otsatirawa akhoza kuyamba kapena kuwonekera kulikonse mwa lamulo losavuta kapena angatsatire lamulo . Zowonongosoledwa zimakonzedwa mwa dongosolo lomwe iwo akuwonekera, kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja.
M'mabuku otsatirawa, ngati fayilo yotsatila nambala isalephereke, ndipo chikhalidwe choyamba cha wogwiritsira ntchito ndiye kuti, < kutembenuzidwa kumatanthawuza zolembedwera (fayilo descriptor 0). Ngati khalidwe loyambirira la otsogolera ndi >> , kutembenuzidwa kumatanthawuza kuwonetsera koyenera (fayilo chofotokozera 1).
Mawu omwe akutsatiridwa ndi otsogolera otsatilawa, ngati sakudziwitsidwa, akuyenera kulimbikitsa kukwezedwa, kukulitsa, kuwonjezereka kwapadera, kuika mmalo m'malo, kukulitsa kwa masamu, kuchotsa mawu, kuchotsa dzina, ndi kugawa mawu. Ngati iyo ikupita ku mawu oposa limodzi, bash reports ndizolakwika.
Tawonani kuti dongosolo la kubwezeretsa ndilofunika. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo
ls > dirlist 2 > & 1
imatsogolera zonse zoyenera zomwe zimatuluka ndi zolakwika zofanana ku fayilo ya dirlist , pamene lamulo
ls 2 > ndi 1 > dirlist
imatsogolera zokhazokha zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuti zikhoze dirlist , chifukwa kulakwitsa kwapadera kunkaphatikizidwa monga momwe chiwerengerochi chinkagwiritsidwira ntchito pokhapokha kuti zolembedwerazo zikhale zolembedwera kwa dirlist .
Bash amanyamula ma filenames angapo makamaka pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzobwezeretsa, monga momwe tafotokozera pa tebulo lotsatira:
/ dev / fd / fd
Ngati fd ndi nambala yeniyeni, fayilo yolemba fd ndi yowerengeka.
/ dev / stdin
Fayilo yofotokozera 0 imaphatikizidwa.
/ dev / stdout
Fayilo yofotokozera 1 imaphatikizidwa.
/ dev / stderr
Fayilo yofotokozera 2 imaphatikizidwa.
/ dev / tcp / oyang'anira / doko
Ngati woyang'anira ndi dzina lovomerezeka la eni kapena intaneti, ndipo phukusi ndi nambala yonyamulira yochuluka kapena dzina la utumiki, bash amayesera kutsegula kugwirizana kwa TCP ku chingwe chofanana.
/ dev / udp / host / port
Ngati woyang'anira ndi dzina lovomerezeka la eni kapena intaneti, ndipo phukusi ndi nambala yonyamulira yochuluka kapena dzina la utumiki, bash amayesa kutsegula UDP kugwiritsira ntchito chingwe chofanana.
Kulephera kutsegula kapena kupanga fayilo kumapangitsa kuti redirection ilephereke.
Kuwongolera Kulowetsa
Kuyanjanitsa kwazowonjezera kumayambitsa fayilo yomwe zotsatira zake zowonjezera kuchokera kukulitsa kwa mawu ziyenera kutsegulidwa kuti ziwerenge pa fayilo yofotokozera n , kapena muyezo woperekedwa (fayilo chofotokozera 0) ngati n sichifotokozedwe.
Zomwe zimapangidwira kuti mutumize zowonjezera ndi:
[ n ] < mawu
Chotsitsa Chotsatira
Kukonzekera kwa zotsatira zimayambitsa fayilo yomwe zotsatira zake zowonjezera kuchokera kufalikira kwa mawu ziyenera kutsegulidwa kuti zilembedwe pa fayilo yofotokozera n , kapena muyezo wotuluka (fayilo chofotokozera 1) ngati n sinafotokozedwe. Ngati fayilo silidalipo idalengedwa; ngati icho chiripo icho chimadulidwa mpaka kukula kwa zero.
Zomwe zimapangidwira kuti mutumize zotsatirazi ndi izi:
[ n ] > mawu
Ngati wogwira ntchitoyo ndi >> , ndipo chovala chachitsulo chakusungidwa chinayambikitsidwa , kuwukanso kumapeto sikudzalephera ngati fayilo yomwe zotsatira zake zikutuluka kuchokera kufalikira kwa mawu ndipo ndi fayilo yowonongeka. Ngati woyimitsa ntchitoyo ndi > | , kapena woyendetsa ntchitoyo >> ndipo chovala cha noclobber ku lamulo lokhazikitsidwa sichimathandizidwa, kutembenuzidwa kumayesayesa ngakhale fayilo yotchulidwa ndi mawu ilipo.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chotsitsimutsa Chotsatira
Kubwezeretsedwa kwa zotsatira zomwe zili mu fashoniyi kumapangitsa fayilo yomwe zotsatira zake zowonjezera kutsegulidwa kwa mawu ziyenera kutsegulidwa kuti zigwirizane pa fayilo yofotokozera n , kapena muyezo wotuluka (fayilo chofotokozera 1) ngati n sinafotokozedwe. Ngati fayilo silidalipo idalengedwa.
Maonekedwe onse a appending zotuluka ndi:
[ n ] >> mawu
Zowonongeka Zotsatira Zovomerezeka ndi Zolakwika Zenizeni
Bash imavomereza zonse zomwe zimatuluka (fayilo chofotokozera 1) ndi zolakwika zomwe zimachokera (fayilo chofotokozera 2) kuti ilowetsedwe ku fayilo lomwe dzina lake ndikulengeza kwa mawu ndi zomangidwe izi.
Pali mitundu iwiri yokonzera zofunikira zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi zolakwika:
&> mawu
ndi
> & mawu
Mwa mitundu iwiriyi, yoyamba imasankhidwa. Izi ndi zofanana ndizo
> mawu 2 > & 1
Pano Ma Documents
Kuwongolera kotereku kumalangiza chipolopolo kuti chiwerenge zolembera kuchokera pakali pano mpaka mzere wokhala ndi mawu okha (opanda zizindikiro zosonyeza) ukuwoneka. Mizere yonse yowerengedwera mpaka pamtundu umenewo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiyero choyenera cha lamulo.
Mndandanda wa zolemba apa ndi:
<< [ - ] mawu apa-document delimiterPalibe kuwonjezeka kwapakatikati, kulamulira m'malo, kuwonjezeka kwa masamu, kapena kuwonjezereka kwina kumachitidwa pa mawu . Ngati anthu aliwonse omwe ali m'mawu amalembedwa, chiwonetsero ndicho chotsatira cha kuchotsa mawu pa mawu , ndipo mizere yomwe ili pano siidakwaniridwe. Ngati mawu sagwiritsidwe ntchito, mizere yonse yalembayi ili pansi pakukula, kulamulira m'malo, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa masamu. Pachifukwa chotsatirachi, chikhalidwe cha chikuletsedwa , ndipo chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula zilembo \ , $ , ndi ` .
Ngati wogwiritsira ntchitoyo ndi << - , ndiye kuti olemba onse omwe ali otsogolera amachotsedwa pamzere wolembera ndi mzere womwe uli ndi delimiter . Izi zimapereka apa-zikalata mkati mwa zilembo zolemba kuti zikhale zachilengedwe.
Apa Ndizolimbitsa
Zolemba zosiyana apa, ndizo:
<<< mawuMawuwo akufutukulidwa ndikuperekedwa kwa lamulo pazowonjezera.
Kuphatikiza Faili Descriptors
Wokonzanso
[ n ] <& mawu
amagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwereza olemba mafayilo olowera. Ngati mawu amawonjezera ku chiwerengero chimodzi kapena zingapo, fayilo descriptor yotchulidwa ndi n imapangidwa kukhala kopi ya fayilo yolemba. Ngati chiwerengero cha mawu sichikutanthawuza fayilo yofotokozera yotseguka kwa zolembedwera, vuto lokonzanso limapezeka. Ngati mawu akuyang'ana - - fayilo chofotokozera n chatsekedwa. Ngati nichidafotokozedwe, kufotokoza kwapadera (fayilo yofotokozera 0) imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Wogwiritsira ntchito
[ n ] > & mawu
amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mofananamo kuti apindule zolembera mafayilo opangira mafayilo. Ngati nichidafotokozedwe, chiwerengero cha fomu (fayilo chofotokozera 1) chikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati chiwerengero cha mawu sichikutanthawuza fayilo yotanthauzira yotseguka kuti iperekedwe, cholakwika chokonzekera chimapezeka. Monga mwapadera, ngati n sasiya, ndipo mawu sakunena kwa chiwerengero chimodzi kapena zingapo, chiwerengero choyendera ndi zolakwika zofanana zimayikidwa monga momwe tafotokozera kale.
Kusuntha Foni Zosintha
Wokonzanso
[ n ] <& nambala -
imayambitsa fayilo yofotokozera fayilo kuti ipange kufotokozera n , kapena kufotokozera muyezo (fayilo chofotokozera 0) ngati n sichidziwika. Chiwerengero chatsekedwa pambuyo powerengedwa ku n .
Mofananamo, woyendetsa ntchitoyo
[ n ] > & nambala -
amachititsa fayilo kufotokozera fayilo kuti ipange kufotokozera n , kapena muyezo wotuluka (fayilo chofotokozera 1) ngati n sinafotokozedwe.
Maofesi Otsegula Mafomu Owerenga ndi Kulemba
Wokonzanso
[ n ] <> mawu
imayambitsa fayilo lomwe dzina lake likufutukula mawu kuti likhale lotseguka kwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba pa fayilo chofotokozera n , kapena pa fayilo chofotokozera 0 ngati n sinafotokozedwe. Ngati fayilo ilipo, idalengedwa.
ZINTHU
Zosintha zimalola chingwe kuti chilowe m'malo mwa mawu pamene chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu oyambirira a lamulo losavuta. Chipolopolocho chili ndi mndandanda wa zotsatizana zomwe zingathe kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusamvana ndi malamulo omwe ali nawo (onani SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa). Mawu oyambirira a lamulo lirilonse, ngati osagwidwa, amawunika kuti awone ngati ali ndi zifukwa zina. Ngati ndi choncho, mawuwa amalowetsedwanso ndi malemba. Dzina la alias ndi mawu omwe amalowetsamo akhoza kukhala ndi chidziwitso chovomerezeka chophatikiza, kuphatikizapo mizere yomwe ili pamwambapa, kupatulapo kuti dzina lachilendo silikhala nalo = . Liwu loyamba lalowetsamo liyesedwa kuti likhale loyesa, koma mawu omwe ali ofanana ndi owonjezera omwe sakufutukuka sawonjezere kachiwiri. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti wina angakhale ali- ls mpaka l -F , mwachitsanzo, ndipo bash siyesa kubwezeretsa mwatsatanetsatane mawuwo. Ngati khalidwe lomaliza la alias liri losalekeza , ndiye mawu otsogolera otsatirawa omwe akutsatiridwa ndiwowonjezeredwanso.
Ziphuphu zimapangidwa ndi zolembedwa ndi lamulo la alias , ndi kuchotsedwa ndi lamulo laulias .
Palibe njira yogwiritsira ntchito zifukwa muzolowera. Ngati kukangana kuli kofunika, ntchitoyi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito (onani MAFUNSO pansipa).
Zosakaniza sizowonjezeka pamene chipolopolo sichiyanjano, kupatula ngati chowonjezera_chokhacho chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira (onaninso kufotokozedwa kwafupipafupi pansi pa SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa).
Malamulo okhudza kutanthauzira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ziyankhulo zimakhala zosokoneza. Bash nthawi zonse amawerenga mzere umodzi wa zolembera musanachite malamulo aliwonse pamzerewu. Zosokonezeka zimakula pamene lamulo liwerengedwa, osati pamene likuchitika. Chifukwa chake, kutanthauzira kwachinsinsi kumawonekera pa mzere womwewo monga lamulo lina siligwira ntchito mpaka mzere wotsatira wa zolembedwera ukuwerengedwa. Malamulo omwe akutsatira ndondomeko yoyenera pa mzerewu sakhudzidwa ndi zatsopano. Khalidweli ndilo vuto pamene ntchito ikuchitidwa. Zowonongeka zimawonjezeka pamene chidziwitso cha ntchito chikuwerengedwa, osati pamene ntchitoyo ikuwongosoledwa, chifukwa kutanthauzira kwa ntchito ndizokhazikitsa lamulo lapangidwe. Zotsatira zake, zizindikiro zomwe zimatanthauzidwa mu ntchito sizipezeka mpaka ntchitoyo itatha. Kuti mukhale otetezeka, nthawi zonse muziika ziganizo pambali yosiyana, ndipo musagwiritse ntchito zilembo zamagulu .
Pafupifupi cholinga chilichonse, zogwirizanitsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipolopolo.
MAFUNSO
Ntchito yamagulu , yomwe ikufotokozedwa pamwambapa pansi pa SHELL GRAMMAR , imasunga malamulo angapo kuti awonongeke. Dzina la chipolopolo likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dzina losavuta la lamulo, mndandanda wa malamulo omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina la ntchitoyi akuphedwa. Ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiganizo chamakono; Palibe njira yatsopano yomwe imapangidwira kuti iwatanthauzire (yambani izi ndi kuyika script shell). Pamene ntchito ikuchitidwa, zifukwa za ntchitoyo zimakhala zofunikira pa nthawi yomwe ikuchitika. Mtengo wapadera # umasinthidwa kuti uwonetse kusintha. Chinthu chomwe chilipo 0 chosasinthika. Kusintha kwa FUNCNAME kumayikidwa pa dzina la ntchitoyo pamene ntchito ikugwira. Zonse zina za chilengedwe cha chigoba chikufanana pakati pa ntchito ndi woyitanayo pokhapokha kuti msampha wa DEBUG (onani kufotokozedwa kwa msampha womwe umayikidwa pansi pa SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa) sunatengedwe pokhapokha ngati atapatsidwa ntchitoyi ( onani kufotokozedwa kwa malonjezedwe omwe ali pansipa).
Zosintha zam'deralo kuntchito zikhoza kulengezedwa ndi lamulo lokonzedwa. Kawirikawiri, mitundu ndi zikhalidwe zawo zimagawanika pakati pa ntchitoyo ndi woitanira.
Ngati lamulo lobwezeretsa likubwezeretsedwa m'ntchito, ntchitoyo ikamaliza ndi kuyambiranso ikuyambanso ndi lamulo lotsatira pambuyo pa kuyitana kwa ntchito. Ntchito ikatsirizika, zikhalidwe zapadera ndi parameter yapadera # zimabwezeretsedwera kuzinthu zomwe anali nazo asanayambe kugwira ntchitoyo.
Maina ogwira ntchito ndi ndondomeko zingathe kulembedwa ndi_nkhoswe yofalitsa kapena kufalitsa malamulo omveka. The_F option kusankha kapena kufalitsa adzakhala kulemba maina ntchito maina okha. Ntchito zitha kutumizidwa kutumizidwa kuti zowonjezereka zikhale ndizozifotokozera ndi -f mwachinthu cholowera kunja .
Ntchito mwina ikhoza kukhala yowonjezereka. Palibe malire omwe amalembedwa pa chiwerengero cha mayitanidwe obwerezabwereza.
KUYEREKERA KWA ARITHMETIC
Chipolopolocho chimalola kuti malembawo awonedwe, mu zochitika zina (onaninso malamulo omangidwira ndi Kukulitsa kwa Arithmetic ). Kufufuza kwachitidwa mu fixed-width integers popanda kufufuza kuti kusefukira, ngakhale magawano ndi 0 atsekeredwa ndi kuikidwa ngati cholakwika. Ogwiritsira ntchito ndi awo omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi kusonkhana ndi ofanana ndi chilankhulo C. Mndandanda wa otsogolera otsatirawa akuphatikizidwa kukhala magulu ofanana otsogolera otsogolera. Mndandanda uli pamndandanda wa dongosolo lochepa.
id ++ id -
kusinthika pambuyo powonjezereka ndi posachedwa
++ id - id
kusandulika kusanakhale ndi kusanthanso
- +
osakwatirana amachepetsa ndi kuphatikiza
! ~
kulakwitsa kopanda nzeru komanso molakwika
**
exponentiation
* /%
kuwonjezereka, magawano, otsalira
+ -
kuwonjezera, kuchotsa
<< >>
Kumanzere ndi kumanja kwabwino kumangosintha
<=> = <>
kufanana
==! =
kulingana ndi kusalinganika
&
ndikumvetsa
^
Odziwika bwino OR
| |
kapena ayi
&&
ZOLINGA NDI
||
mfundo zomveka OR
expr ? expr : expr
ndondomeko yoyenera
= = = = = = = = = - = << = >> = & = ^ = | =
ntchito
expr1 , expr2
komabe
Mitundu ya shell imaloledwa ngati opaleshoni; Kuwonjezeka kwa parameter kumachitidwa chisankhulidwecho chikuyesedwa. Mwachiwonetsero, zizindikiro zamagulu zingathenso kutchulidwa ndi dzina popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chigawo chowonjezera cha syntax. Phindu la kusinthika limayesedwa ngati mawu a masamu pamene akunenedwa. Zosintha za chigoba siziyenera kukhala ndi zilembo zake zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera.
Omwe ali ndi chitsogozo cha 0 amatanthauzidwa ngati nambala ya octal. Otsogolera 0x kapena 0X akutanthauza hexadecimal. Kupanda kutero, manambala amatenga mawonekedwe [ maziko # ] n, pamene maziko ndi chiwerengero cha chiwerengero cha pakati pa 2 ndi 64 choyimira chiwerengero cha masamu, ndipo n chiwerengero chake. Ngati maziko # sanathenso, ndiye kuti maziko 10 agwiritsidwa ntchito. Manambala oposa 9 akuyimiridwa ndi makalata otsika, makalata aakulu, @, ndi _, mu dongosolo limenelo. Ngati maziko ali osachepera kapena ofanana ndi 36, makalata ochepa komanso ochepa angagwiritsidwe ntchito mosasinthasintha pofuna kuimira manambala pakati pa 10 ndi 35.
Ogwira ntchito amayesedwa kuti azitsogolera. Mafotokozedwe ammunsi mwawunivesiti amayesedwa poyamba ndipo angapitirirepo malamulo omwe ali pamwambawa.
ZOKHUDZA ZOCHITA
Mawu ovomerezeka amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi [[ command compound ndi mayeso ndi [ construcin amalamulira kuyesa zojambulazo ndi kupanga chingwe ndi masamu kufananitsa. Mawu amachokera ku zotsatirazi zapadera kapena zapadera zapadera. Ngati fayilo iliyonse yotsutsana ndi imodzi mwa zofunikira ndi ya mawonekedwe / dev / fd / n , ndiye fayilo descriptor n yowunika. Ngati kukangana kwa fayilo ku chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyambirira ndi chimodzi mwa / dev / stdin , / dev / stdout , kapena / dev / stderr , fayilo yofotokozera 0, 1, kapena 2, motsatiridwa, yowunika.
-fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo.
-b fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndi fayilo yapadela yapadera.
-c fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndi fayilo yapadera ya khalidwe.
-d fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndilolemba.
-fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo.
-f file
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndifayilo yowonongeka.
-g file
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ili-id-gulu-id.
-f file
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndikulumikiza kophiphiritsira.
-k fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo chidutswa `` sticky '' chimaikidwa.
-p fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndi chitoliro chotchedwa FIFO.
-f file
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo imawoneka.
-fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ili ndi kukula kwakukulu kuposa zero.
-t fd
Zoona ngati fayilo yofotokozera fd imatsegulidwa ndipo imatanthawuza kwa odwala.
-fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo chidutswa chake-wosuta-id idayikidwa.
-w fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo imalembedwa.
fayilo -x
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ikuchitidwa.
-O fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ili ndi mwini id idali yogwiritsira ntchito.
-G fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ili ndi mayina ogwira ntchito.
-L fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndikulumikiza kophiphiritsira.
-S fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo ndi chingwe.
-N fayilo
Zoona ngati fayilo ilipo ndipo yasinthidwa kuyambira pomwe idatha kuwerenga.
fayilo1 - nt file2
Zoona ngati fayilo1 yatsopano (malinga ndi tsiku losinthidwa ) kuposa file2 , kapena ngati file1 ilipo ndipo fayilo2 siili.
fayilo1 - ot file2
Zoona ngati fayilo 1 yayitali kuposa file2 , kapena ngati file2 ilipo ndipo fayilo1 siyi.
fayilo1 -ef file2
Zoona ngati fayilo1 ndi fayilo2 imagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chomwecho ndikusowa manambala.
-notchuka
Zoona ngati chipolopolo chosankhidwa optname chimatha. Onani mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe mungachite pofotokozera -zomwe mungasankhe pazomwe zili pansipa.
-kanda
Zoona ngati kutalika kwa chingwe ndi zero.
-kuli chingwe
chingwe
Zoona ngati kutalika kwa chingwe sikuli zero.
chingwe1 == chingwe2
Zoona ngati zingwe zili zofanana. = ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo = = kuti POSIX iyambe kutsatira.
chingwe1 = chingwe2
Zoona ngati zingwe sizili zofanana.
chingwe1 < string2
Zoona ngati chingwe1 chikuwoneka chisanafike chingwe2 lexicographically pakalipano.
string1 > string2
Zoona ngati chingwe1 chikuwatsatira pambuyo pa string2 lexicographically mu malo omwe alipo.
arg1 OP arg2
OP ndi imodzi mwa -eq , -ne , -lt , -le , -gt , kapena -ge . Ogwiritsa ntchito ma binary amabwereza zoona ngati arg1 ndi yofanana, osati yofanana, yochepera, yochepa kapena yofanana, yayikulu kuposa, kapena yoposa kapena yofanana ndi arg2 , motsatira. Arg1 ndi arg2 zingakhale zabwino kapena zolakwika integuers.
KUYENERA KWAMBIRI KOMASO
Pamene lamulo lophweka likuphwanyidwa, chipolopolocho chimachita zotsatirazi, kugawa, ndi kuwongolera, kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja.
1.Mawu amene wolembayo amalemba monga ntchito yosinthika (yomwe ili patsogolo pa dzina la lamulo) ndizobwezeretsa zimasungidwa kuti zisinthidwe mtsogolo.
2. Mawu omwe sali ntchito zosiyana kapena kubwezeretsedwa amakula. Ngati mau aliwonse atatha kufalikira, mawu oyambirira amatengedwa kukhala dzina la lamulo ndi mawu otsala ndizotsutsana.
3.Zoterezi zimachitika monga momwe tafotokozera pamwamba pa REDIRECTION .
4.Malemba pambuyo pa = ntchito iliyonse yosinthika imaphatikizapo kukula, kuwonjezereka kwapakati, kuyimilira malamulo, kukulitsa masamu, ndi kubwereza ndondomeko musanatumizidwe ku kusintha.
Ngati palibe dzina laulamuliro, zotsatira zake zosinthika zimakhudza malo omwe alipo tsopano. Kupanda kutero, mitunduyi imaphatikizidwa ku chilengedwe cha lamulo lochitidwa ndipo silikukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chamakono. Ngati zina mwazolembazo zimayesera kugawa phindu kwa readonly variable, cholakwika chimapezeka, ndipo lamulo kuchoka ndi osakhala zero udindo.
Ngati palibe dzina laulamuliro, zotsatira zowonjezeredwa zimachitidwa, koma sizikukhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe chamakono. Cholakwika cha redirection chimapangitsa lamulo kuti lichoke ndi malo osakhala a zero.
Ngati pali dzina la lamulo lotsalira pambuyo pakulandila, ndalama zowonjezera monga zanenedwa pansipa. Apo ayi, lamulo limachoka. Ngati chimodzi mwa zolembazo chili ndi kusintha kwa lamulo, kutuluka kwa lamulo ndikutuluka kwa lamulo lomaliza. Ngati pakanakhala palibe chilolezo chamalowa, lamulo limachoka ndi udindo wa zero.
KUTSATIRA MALAMULO
Pambuyo lamulo ligawanika kukhala mawu, ngati likutsatira lamulo lophweka ndi mndandanda wa zokambirana, zotsatirazi zimatengedwa.
Ngati dzina la lamulo liribe zowonjezera, chigoba chikuyesera kuchipeza. Ngati pali chipolopolo chogwira ntchito ndi dzina limenelo, ntchitoyi imayankhidwa monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa mu FUNCTIONS . Ngati dzina silikugwirizana ndi ntchito, chipolopolocho chimayang'ana pa mndandanda wa makina opangidwa ndi zipolopolo. Ngati masewera amapezeka, buildin imayitanitsidwa.
Ngati dzina silili shell kapena ntchito, ndipo ilibe slashes, bash amasaka mbali iliyonse ya PATH kwa bukhu lomwe liri ndi fayilo yochitidwa ndi dzina limenelo. Bash amagwiritsa ntchito tebulo lahafi kukumbukira mayina onse a mafayi omwe amatha kuwonetsa (onani hasi pansi pa SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS pansipa). Kufufuza kwathunthu kwa mauthenga a PATH kumachitika kokha ngati lamulo silipezeka mu tebulo la hash. Ngati kufufuza sikulephereka, chipolopolocho chimasintha uthenga wolakwika ndi kubwezeretsanso chikhalidwe cha 127.
Ngati kufufuza kuli bwino, kapena ngati dzina la lamulo liri ndi limodzi kapena kuposerapo, chipolopolocho chimapanga ndondomeko yomwe imatchulidwa mu malo osiyana omwe akupha. Kutsutsana 0 kunayikidwa pa dzina lomwe laperekedwa, ndipo zotsalira zotsalira ku lamulo zimayikidwa pa zokambirana zoperekedwa, ngati zilipo.
Ngati kuphedwa uku kulephera chifukwa fayilo siyiyendetsedwe, ndipo fayilo sizondomeko, imatengedwa kukhala script , fayilo yomwe ili ndi malamulo a shell. Chigwirizano chimaperekedwa kuti chichite izo. Izi zimapangidwanso, kuti zotsatirazo zikhale ngati chipolopolo chatsopano chidapemphedwa kuti chigwiritse ntchito script, kupatulapo kuti malo amodzi akumbukiridwa ndi kholo (tawonani hasi pamunsi pansi pa SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ) amasungidwa ndi mwanayo.
Ngati pulogalamuyi ndi fayilo kuyambira ndi #! , mzere woyamba wotsalawu umatanthauzira wotanthauzira pulogalamuyo. Chipolopolocho chimapanga wotanthauzira wotchulidwa pa machitidwe omwe sagwiritse ntchito mawonekedwe opangidwa okhawo. Zokambirana kwa womasulirayo zimakhala ndi ndemanga imodzi yokha yotsatila motsatira dzina la womasulira pa mzere woyamba wa pulogalamuyo, potsatidwa ndi dzina la pulogalamuyo, motsatiridwa ndi mfundo zowonjezera, ngati ziripo.
KUKHALA MALANGIZO ENA
Chipolopolocho chili ndi chiwonongeko , chomwe chili ndi zotsatirazi:
* kutsegula mafayilo omwe anagwidwa ndi chipolopolo powapempha, monga asinthidwa ndi mazokonzedwe omwe amaperekedwa kwa omanga
* zolembera zamakono zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga cd , pushd , kapena popd , kapena cholowa cha chipolopolo pakupempha
* mafayilo opanga mafayilo opangidwa ndi mafayilo monga umask kapena cholowa chochokera kwa kholo la chipolopolo
* misampha yowonongeka ndi msampha
* Zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana kapena zoikidwa kapena zochokera kwa kholo la chipolopolo chilengedwe
* Nkhono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimayesedwa panthawi yopha kapena kulandira kuchokera kwa kholo la chipolopolo chilengedwe
* Zosankha zimathandiza pakupempha (mwina mwachindunji kapena ndi mfundo za mzere) kapena mwayikidwa
* Zosankha zimathandizidwa ndi zochepa
* ziphatikizidwe za zipolopolo zotanthauzidwa ndi alias
* Ma ID osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ntchito za m'mbuyo, mtengo wa $$ , ndi mtengo wa $ PPID
Pamene lamulo losavuta kupatulapo ntchito yomangira kapena yolemba iyenera kuphedwa, imapemphedwa ku malo osiyana omwe akupha omwe ali ndi zotsatirazi. Pokhapokha ngati tawonanso, zikhulupilirozo zimachokera ku chipolopolo.
* maofolomu otseguka a shell, kuphatikizapo zosinthidwa ndi zowonjezera zomwe zanenedwa ndizobwezeretsa ku lamulo
* kasinthidwe ka ntchito komweko
* mawonekedwe ojambula mafashoni
* Mitundu ya zipolopolo zotumizidwa kunja, kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja kwa lamulo, zidapitidwa
* Misampha yomwe inagwidwa ndi chipolopolo imayambiranso kufunika kwa cholowa chomwe kholo la chipolopolocho chimatengera, ndipo misampha yosasamalidwa imanyalanyazidwa
Lamulo lopangidwa mu malo osiyanawa silingasokoneze chilengedwe cha kupha chipolopolo.
Lamulo lolowetsamo ndi malamulo ovomerezeka akuyankhidwa mu chigawo chophatikizira chomwe chiri chophatikizira cha malo a chipolopolo, kupatula kuti misampha yomwe inagwidwa ndi chipolopolo imayikidwanso ku zikhalidwe zomwe chipolopolocho chinalandira kuchokera kwa kholo lake pakupempha. Malamulo opangidwa omwe amapangidwa ngati gawo laipiipi amachitiranso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zikuchitika. Zosintha zomwe zimapangidwira kumalo a subshell sizingasokoneze chilengedwe cha kupha.
Ngati lamulo likutsatiridwa ndi & & control control siyikugwira ntchito, zolemba zosasinthika za lamulo ndi chopanda kanthu fayilo / dev / null . Kupanda kutero, lamulo lololedwa limalandira fayilo zofotokozera zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi chigamulo choitanitsa monga zosinthidwa ndizobwezeretsa.