Pafupifupi chipangizo chilichonse chogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta chikusowa RAM. Yang'anani chipangizo chomwe mumawakonda (mwachitsanzo, mafoni, mapiritsi, desktops, laptops, ma graphing calculators, HDTVs, machitidwe otsegula osewera, etc.), ndipo muyenera kupeza zambiri za RAM. Ngakhale kuti onse a RAM ali ndi cholinga chomwecho, pali mitundu yosiyana yofala lero yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito:
- RAM yolimba (SRAM)
- RAM Yamphamvu (DRAM)
- Mphamvu Yokwanira ya RAM (SDRAM)
- Dongosolo la Single Data Rate Yophatikiza Dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM)
- Mphamvu Yamakono Yokwanira ya Ma RAM (DDR SDRAM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4)
- Zojambula Zachiwiri Chachidule Chachidule Chachidule Chamakono RAM (GDDR SDRAM, GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5)
- Kusinkhasinkha
Kodi RAM ndi chiyani?
RAM imayang'ana Maulendo Osavuta Kulandila , ndipo imapatsa makompyuta malo omwe akufunikira kuti athetse nkhani ndi kuthetsa mavuto panthawiyi. Mungathe kuganizira ngati mapepala osakanikizika omwe mungathe kulemba manambala, manambala, kapena zojambula pa pensulo. Ngati mutasiya malo pa pepala, mumapanga zambiri pochotsa zomwe simukusowa; RAM imachitanso chimodzimodzi pamene imafuna malo ochuluka kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe zimakhala zochepa (ie, mapulogalamu / mapulogalamu). Mapepala akuluakulu amakulolani kulembetsa malingaliro ena (ndi aakulu) nthawi yisanayambe kuchotsa; RAM yambiri mkati mwa makompyuta imagwira ntchito yomweyo.
RAM imakhala ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, momwe imagwirizanirana kapena kugwirizanitsa ndi makompyuta), mphamvu (yomwe imawerengedwa mu MB kapena GB ), imafulumira (imayeza mu MHz kapena GHz ), ndi zomangamanga. Izi ndi zina ndizofunikira kuziganizira pamene mukukonzekera machitidwe ndi RAM, monga makompyuta (mwachitsanzo, hardware, mabokosi a makina) ayenera kutsata ndondomeko zoyenerera. Mwachitsanzo:
- Makompyuta akale okalamba sangathe kulandira mitundu yatsopano yamakono yamakono
- Kukumbukira laputopu sikungagwirizane ndi desktops (ndipo mosiyana)
- RAM si nthawizonse kumbuyo yomwe imagwirizana
- Kawirikawiri dongosolo silingathe kusakaniza ndikufananitsa mitundu yosiyana / mibadwo ya RAM pamodzi
RAM yolimba (SRAM)
Nthawi ku Market: zaka za 1990 mpaka lero
Zamakono Zogwiritsira ntchito SRAM: Makamera apamwamba, ojambula, osindikiza, zojambula za LCD
Imodzi mwa mitundu iŵiri yofunika ya kukumbukira (ina yomwe ili DRAM), SRAM imafuna kuti madzi aziyenda nthawi zonse kuti agwire ntchito. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yowonjezera, SRAM sichiyenera kukhala 'yotsitsimutsidwa' kukumbukira deta yosungidwa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake SRAM imatchedwa 'static' - palibe kusintha kapena kuchita (mwachitsanzo, kubwezeretsa) kumafunika kuti deta ikhale yoyenera. Komabe, SRAM ndi kukumbukira kosasinthasintha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti deta yonse yosungidwa imatayika kamodzi kokha mphamvuyo itadulidwa.
Ubwino wogwiritsira ntchito SRAM (vs. DRAM) ndizochepa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito komanso kuthamanga msanga msanga. Zowononga kugwiritsa ntchito SRAM (vs. DRAM) ndizochepa zomwe zimakumbukira komanso ndalama zowonjezera. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa, SRAM imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu:
- CU cache (mwachitsanzo L1, L2, L3)
- Chotsitsa chachitsulo / cache
- Otembenuza digito-to-analog (DAC) pa makadi avidiyo
RAM Yamphamvu (DRAM)
Nthawi ku Market: 1970 mpaka m'ma 1990
Zamakono Zogwiritsira ntchito DRAM: Zotumizira masewera a Video, mafoni ochezera
Imodzi mwa mitundu iŵiri yofunika ya kukumbukira (ina yowonjezera SRAM), DRAM imafuna nthawi yotsitsimula kuti ikhale yogwira ntchito. Amagetsi omwe amasungira deta ku DRAM amapititsa patsogolo mphamvu; palibe mphamvu kutanthauza kuti deta imatayika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake DRAM imatchedwa 'mphamvu' - kusintha kosintha kapena kuchita (mwachitsanzo, kubwezeretsa) kumafunika kusunga deta. DRAM imakhalanso kukumbukira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti deta yonse yosungidwa imatayika pamene mphamvu yatha.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito DRAM (vs. SRAM) ndizochepa mtengo wogulitsa komanso kukumbukira zambiri. Zowononga kugwiritsa ntchito DRAM (vs. SRAM) ndizowonjezereka mofulumira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopambana. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa, DRAM imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa:
- Kumbukirani kachitidwe
- Masewero a mafilimu
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Extended Data Out Dynamic RAM (EDO DRAM) inakhazikitsidwa, yotsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwake, Burst EDO RAM (BEDO DRAM). Mitundu iyi ya kukumbukira idakondwera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito / zowonjezera pa mtengo wotsika. Komabe, lusoli linasinthidwa ndi ntchito yopanga SDRAM.
Mphamvu Yokwanira ya RAM (SDRAM)
Nthawi pa Market: 1993 mpaka pano
Zamakono Zogwiritsira ntchito SDRAM: Memory memory, masewera a masewera a kanema
SDRAM ndi mtundu wa DRAM umene umagwirizanitsa ndi CPU clock , zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimayang'ana chizindikiro cha ola lisanayankhe kufotokozera deta (mwachitsanzo mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe). Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, DRAM ndi yowonongeka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imayankha nthawi yomweyo kuzipangizo za data. Koma kupindula kwa ma synchronous opereshoni ndi kuti CPU ikhoza kugwira ntchito yolumikiza malangizo mofanana, omwe amadziwika kuti 'pipelining' - kulandira (kuwerenga) chidziwitso chatsopano musanayambe ndondomeko yoyenera (kulemba).
Ngakhale kuti pipelining sichikhudza nthawi yomwe ikufunika kuti ikwaniritse malangizo, imalola kuti malangizo amithetse nthawi yomweyo. Sungani imodzi yowerengera ndi imodzi kulemba malangizo pafupipafupi zotsatira za maola pazowonjezereka za CPU zowonjezera / ziwonetsero. SDRAM imathandizira pipelining chifukwa njira yomwe kukumbukira kwake kugawidwa m'mabanki osiyana, ndicho chimene chinapangitsa kuti chiwerengero chake chikhale chachikulu pa DRAM.
Dongosolo la Single Data Rate Yophatikiza Dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM)
Nthawi pa Market: 1993 mpaka pano
Zamakono Zogwiritsira ntchito SDR SDRAM: Chikumbutso cha makompyuta, masewera a masewera a kanema
SDR SDRAM ndi nthawi yotambasulidwa ya SDRAM - mitundu iŵiriyi ndi imodzimodzi, koma nthawi zambiri imatchedwa SDRAM yekha. Dera lokhazikika la deta limasonyeza momwe kukumbukira kumapangitsira munthu kuwerenga ndi kulemba malangizo pa nthawi ya koloko. Kulemba izi kumathandiza kufotokoza kufanizirana pakati pa SDR SDRAM ndi DDR SDRAM:
- DDR SDRAM ndiyo njira yachiwiri yopangira SDR SDRAM
Dongosolo lachiwiri lamakono lamakono (DDR SDRAM)
Nthawi pa Market: 2000 kuti ifike
Zamakono Zogwiritsira Ntchito DDR SDRAM: Chikumbu cha kompyuta
DDR SDRAM ikugwira ntchito ngati SDR SDRAM, kawiri mofulumira. DDR SDRAM imatha kukonzekera mawerengedwe awiri ndi awiri kulemba mauthenga pa nthawi ya koloko (choncho 'kawiri'). Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi ikufanana, DDR SDRAM ili ndi kusiyana kwa thupi (184 mapepala ndi chizindikiro chimodzi pamtumiki) motsutsana ndi SDR SDRAM (mapepala 168 ndi zipilala ziwiri pa chojambulira). DDR SDRAM imagwiranso ntchito pamtunda wotsika (2.5 V kuchokera ku 3.3 V), kuteteza kusamvana mogwirizana ndi SDR SDRAM.
- DDR2 SDRAM ndi kusintha kwa kusintha kwa DDR SDRAM. Ngakhale kupitirira kwapadera kwa deta (kusanthula mawerengedwe awiri ndi kulemba mauthenga pa nthawi yoyendetsa koloko), DDR2 SDRAM imayenda mwamsanga chifukwa imatha kuthamanga pawindo lapamwamba. Maofesi ( osadulidwa ) makompyuta a DDR omwe amachokera pamwamba pa 200 MHz, pamene ma Memory Standard DDR2 amachokera pamwamba pa 533 MHz. DDR2 SDRAM imayenda pamtunda wotsika (1.8 V) ndi mapepala ena (240), omwe amalepheretsa kugwirizana kumbuyo.
- DDR3 SDRAM imapanga ntchito pa DDR2 SDRAM kupyolera mu mawotchi apamwamba (otsimikizika), mphamvu yaikulu ya kukumbukira, mphamvu yachepa (1.5 V), ndi maulendo apamwamba otalikira maola (mpaka 800 Mhz). Ngakhale kuti DDR3 SDRAM imakhala ndi mapepala ofanana ndi DDR2 SDRAM (240), mbali zina zonse zimatchinga mgwirizano kumbuyo.
- DDR4 SDRAM imapanga ntchito pa DDR3 SDRAM kupyolera mu mawotchi apamwamba kwambiri (kudalirika), mphamvu yaikulu ya kukumbukira, ngakhale kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu (1.2 V), ndipamwamba kwambiri maola othamanga (mpaka 1600 Mhz). DDR4 SDRAM imagwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe a 288-pin, omwe amalepheretsanso kugwirizanitsa kumbuyo.
Zojambulajambula Zachiwiri Chachidule Chachidule Yamakono a RAM amphamvu (GDDR SDRAM)
Nthawi Yogulitsa: 2003 kuti apereke
Zamakono Zogwiritsa ntchito GDDR SDRAM: Makhadi ojambula mavidiyo, mapiritsi ena
GDDR SDRAM ndi mtundu wa DDR SDRAM umene umakonzedweratu kupanga mafilimu ojambula zithunzi, omwe amagwirizana ndi GPU (graph processing unit) pa khadi la kanema . Masewera a pakompyuta amakono amatha kukankhira envelopuyi ndi zovuta zenizeni zowonongeka kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna kuti zipangizo zamakono zikhale zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zipangizo zabwino kwambiri za makhadi kuti azisewera (makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito maonekedwe a 720p kapena 1080p high resolution ).
- Mofananamo ndi DDR SDRAM, GDDR SDRAM ili ndi mzere wokhazikika (kusintha ntchito ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu): GDDR2 SDRAM, GDDR3 SDRAM, GDDR4 SDRAM, ndi GDDR5 SDRAM.
Ngakhale kukhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi DDR SDRAM, GDDR SDRAM si chimodzimodzi. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu ndi momwe GDDR SDRAM ikugwirira ntchito, makamaka ponena za momwe bandwidth imathandizira pa latency. GDDR SDRAM ikuyembekezeredwa kuchuluka kwa deta (bandwidth), koma osati mofulumira mofulumira (latency) - ganizirani za msewu waukulu wa 16 wopita ku 55 MPH. Mofananamo, DDR SDRAM imayembekezeredwa kuti ikhale yotsika kwambiri kuti ipite mwamsanga ku CPU - taganizirani za msewu waukulu wa 2-path womwe uli pa 85 MPH.
Kusinkhasinkha
Nthawi ku Msika: 1984 kupereka
Zamakono Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chikumbutso: Zida makamera, mafoni / mapiritsi, machitidwe osewera osewera osewera
Kukumbukira kukumbukira ndi mtundu wa osakaniza wosungira zosungirako zosungira zomwe zili ndi deta zonse pambuyo pa mphamvu zatha. Ngakhale kuti dzinali likutanthauza, kukumbukira kwachinsinsi kumayandikana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe komanso ntchito (ie yosungirako ndi kutumiza deta) kumalo oyendetsa bwino kusiyana ndi mitundu ina ya RAM. Chikumbutso cha Flash chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mwa:
- Ma drive a USB
- Makina osindikiza
- P otchuka owonetsera ma TV
- Makhadi okumbukira
- Zida zamagetsi / toyese
- PDAs