Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ndi User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ndizo zigawo ziwiri zoyendetsa zogwiritsa ntchito ndi intaneti protocol (IP) .
Zomwe TDP ndi UDP zimagwiritsa ntchito mitu monga gawo la mauthenga a mauthenga a mauthenga othandizira kutumizirana pa intaneti. Mutu wa TCP ndi UDP aliyense ali ndi magawo a magawo omwe amatchedwa minda yomwe imatchulidwa ndi ma protocol ofunikira.
Fomu ya mutu wa TCP
Mutu uliwonse wa TCP uli ndi minda khumi yomwe ili ndi minda 20 yokwanira (160 bits ) kukula. Amatha kusankhapo mbali zina za deta mpaka 40 bytes mu kukula.
Izi ndizo malemba a TCP:
- Gwero la phukusi la TCP (2 bytes)
- Chiwerengero cha doko la TCP (2 bytes)
- Kuwerengera nambala (4 bytes)
- Kuvomereza nambala (4 bytes)
- Dongosolo la TCP linayambitsidwa (4 bits)
- Deta yosungidwa (3 bits)
- Sinthani ziphuphu (mpaka mabedi 9)
- Kukula kwawindo (2 bytes)
- TCP checksum (2 bytes)
- Pointer yofulumira (2 bytes)
- Dongosolo lachidule la TCP (0-40 bytes)
TCP imayika minda yoyambira kumalo osindikiza uthenga mu ndondomeko yomwe ili pamwambapa.
- Gwero ndi malo omwe amapita ku TCP ma nambala ndi mapeto olankhulana ndi kutumiza ndi kulandira zipangizo.
- Owatumizira uthenga amagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zowerengera kuti azilemba mauthenga a mauthenga. Onse otumiza ndi olandila amagwiritsa ntchito nambala ya chizindikiritso kuti afotokoze ziwerengero za mauthenga omwe mwangoyamba kulandira kapena kuyembekezera kutumizidwa.
- Masamba owonetsera deta akusunga kukula kwa mutu wa TCP mu kuchuluka kwa ma byte anayi. Mutu wosagwiritsa ntchito malo osankhidwa a TCP uli ndi deta ya 5 (yoimira 20 bytes), pamene mutu wogwiritsa ntchito malo opambana omwe ali ndi gawo lokhala ndi malo oposa 15 (oimira 60 bytes).
- Deta yosungidwa mumutu wa TCP nthawizonse ili ndi mtengo wa zero. Munda umenewu umapanga cholinga chokhazikitsa kukula kwake kwa mutu monga maulendo angapo azinayi (zofunikira kwambiri kuti zipangizo zamakina zam'kakompyuta zipangidwe bwino).
- TCP imagwiritsa ntchito zida zisanu ndi zitatu komanso majekesi atatu omwe amawongolera . Mbendera imodzi yazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, imayambitsa ndondomeko ya kugwirizanitsa TCP. Kuwonetseratu kwapadera kwa malowa kumapitanso kupyolera mu nkhaniyi.
- Owatumiza TCP amagwiritsa ntchito nambala yomwe imatchedwa kukula kwawindo kuti ayang'ane kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe amatumizira kwa wolandirayo asanafunire kuvomerezedwa. Ngati kukula kwawindo kumakhala kocheperachepera, kutengerapo deta yamtunduwu sikuchedwa kuchepa, koma ngati kukula kwawindo kumakhala kwakukulu, malumikizidwe a intaneti angathe kukhuta (osagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina) kapena wolandirayo sangakhoze kukonza deta yobwera mwamsanga zokwanira (komanso chifukwa cha ntchito yochedwa). Zowonjezereka zowonjezereka zogwiritsidwa ntchito mu protocol zimakhudza mawerengedwe a kukula ndikugwiritsa ntchito gawo ili la mutu wa TCP kuti liwonetse kusintha pakati pa otumiza ndi olandila.
- Checksum yamtengo wapatali mkati mwa mutu wa TCP imapangidwa ndi wotumiza protocol monga njira ya masamu kuti athandize wolandirayo kuti azindikire mauthenga omwe awonongeka kapena osokonezedwa.
- Malo ofulumira pointer munda nthawi zambiri amaikidwa ku zero ndipo amanyalanyazidwa, koma mogwirizana ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zolamulira, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati deta yosokoneza kuti awonetse chigawo chokhala ndi uthenga monga kufunika koyambirira.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito deta yachinsinsi ya TCP kumapitirira kupitirira kufanana kwa nkhaniyi koma ikuphatikiza chithandizo chovomerezeka chapadera ndi zenera kuti zikhazikike.
Fomu ya mutu wa UDP
Chifukwa UDP ili ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa TCP, mitu yake ndi yaying'ono kwambiri. Mutu wa UDP uli ndi mayina 8, ogawidwa m'magulu anayi otsatirawa:
- Chiwerengero cha doko lochokera (2 bytes)
- Chiwerengero cha chidole chakupita (2 bytes)
- Kutalika kwa deta (2 bytes)
- UDP checksum (2 bytes)
UDP imapereka minda yoyamba ku uthenga wake mumtsinje womwe umatchulidwa pamwambapa.
- Gwero ndi malo opita ku doko la UDP ndi mapeto olankhulana ndi kutumiza ndi kulandira zipangizo.
- Munda wautali mu UDP umaimira kukula kwake kwa deta iliyonse kuphatikizapo mutu ndi deta. Mundawu umakhala wolemera kuchokera pa osachepera 8 bytes (kukula kofunika mutu) mpaka kukula pamwamba pa 65,000 bytes.
- Mofananamo ndi TCP, UDP checksum imalola omvera kuti awononge mauthenga omwe amabwera nawo.