Chimene Chimachitika Mu Mapulani
Mitundu Yopanga Mapulani
Plans Plan
Kukonzekera kukonza mapulani ndikumanga mfundo zonse zomangirira kuchokera kumalo envelopu mkati. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kukonza mapulani kumalumikiza chirichonse mkati mwa nyumba ndipo kumachoka kunja kumapangidwira ena. Kukonza mapulani ndi njira yoyamba yopangira mapulani. Makhalidwe oyambirira amayamba ndi kupanga zojambula zoyambirira kuti ziwonetsedwe kwa kasitomala kuti afotokoze ndi / kapena kuvomereza. Zojambula izi zimapanga maziko a pansi plan. Pulani yapansi ndi ndondomeko yowonongeka ya zinthu zonse zakuthupi mkati mwa nyumbayo. Ndondomeko ya pamtunda idzakhala ndi zolemba ndi maofesi omwe akufotokoza zofunikira kapena zomangamanga zomwe ziyenera kubweretsedwa kwa omanga. Ndondomeko ya pamtunda imakhala ngati "chofunikira" kuti muwonetse womanga kumene angapeze chidziwitso chachindunji kumadera osiyanasiyana a nyumbayo. Ndizozoloŵera kukonza mapulani apansi pamlingo umene nyumba yonse ikhoza-kuwonetsetsa - kuwonetsedwa pa tsamba limodzi kotero kuti miyeso yonse ndi yosavuta kuiwona, ndiyeno kupanga mapulani akuluakulu a malo omwe ali ndi chidziwitso zovuta, monga zipinda zosungiramo zinthu kapena masitepe.
Ndondomeko ya mapulaniwa akugwiritsidwa ndi mabokosi ozungulira omwe ali pafupi ndi malo omwe akukambirana ndipo amalembedwa ndi mfuti yotchulidwa poyimba yomwe imamangidwira mutu / pepala nambala yomwe mapulaniwa alipo. Ndondomeko ya pamtunda idzagwiritsanso ntchito zigawo ndi ziphuphu zakuthambo zomwe siziwonetseratu malo omwe zimakhalapo komanso zimaphatikizapo zizindikiro zowunikira zomwe zikuwonetseratu tsatanetsatane. Mapeto ake, ndondomeko yamakono yomangamanga idzakhala ndi makalata ndi matebulo okhala ndi malo, egress, volume, ndi mawerengedwe omwe amasonyeza momwe nyumbayi ikugwirizanirana ndi zofunikira zonse zogwirira ntchito.
Mapulani apansi ali ndi zambirimbiri ndipo akhoza kusokonezeka. Pachifukwachi, zidutswa zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, miyendo yoyezera mzere, ndi zikhomo kuti zizindikiritse zomwe mzere uliwonse ndi / kapena dera lomwe likuyimira likuyimira. Mwachitsanzo, kawirikawiri kudzaza malowa pakati pa mbali ziwiri za khoma lopangidwa ndi chingwe (chingwe chimodzi cha njerwa, chilolezo cha CMU) kuti chiwonekere mosavuta, pamene malo okhalapo amodzi amakhala otsalira chopanda kanthu kotero kuti wowonayo athe kusiyanitsa mofulumira pakati pa awiriwo. Zisonyezo pansi zimasintha mosiyana malinga ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa. Ndondomeko yamagetsi idzawonetsa zizindikiro zosonyeza malo, kuwala, ndikusintha malo pomwe dongosolo la HVAC liwonetsanso madontho, magetsi, ndi mapiri. Ndondomeko ya pansi ingathe kusweka kuti isonyeze chidziwitso chokha cha malonda pa pepala limodzi kapena, ngati polojekitiyo ndi yochepa, ingathe kuphatikizidwa kusonyeza malonda osiyanasiyana pa pepala lililonse; Mwachitsanzo, ma plumbing ndi HVAC nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa.
Zigawo za Wall
Zigawo zam'mbali zimadulidwa kutali ndi malinga (kawirikawiri kunja) kwa nyumbayo. Zimasonyezedwa pamlingo waukulu kwambiri kuposa zolinga ndikupatsani ndondomeko mwayi wosonyeza zambiri zokhudza momwe makomawo ayenera kusonkhanitsira, zipangizo ziti zomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso momwe amatetezera pamodzi. Zigawo zam'madzi zimakonda kusonyeza chilichonse kuchokera kumtunda pansi pa phazi, mpaka kumalo kumene denga likugwirizanitsa mpaka pamwamba pa khoma. Muzithunzi zamakono, mbali ya khoma iwonetsanso njira yozungulira pansi ndi momwe ikugwirizira khoma ndi dongosolo lothandizira lofunikira. Zigawozi zimatchula kuti kuyimilira kofunikira m'katikati mwa konkire ndi zomangamanga, khoma lakunja likuwombera kuti madzi asalowe mkati mwa nyumbayo, mitundu yosungunula, komanso mkati ndi kunja zimatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Zigawo zonse zofunikira kumanga nyumba zimasonkhanitsidwa pa pepala limodzi kuti likhale losavuta kupeza.
Mapepala a Tsatanetsatane
Mapepala apamwamba ndi msonkhano wa zojambula zofutukuka, ponena za malo enaake omwe apangidwe omwe amafuna kudziwa zambiri kuti amange. Zolinga zamakono, izi zimatengedwa kwambiri (1/2 "= 1'-0" kapena zikuluzikulu) kuti alole malo okwanira kulemba ndi zowerengera. Zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene zomangamanga zofunikira za dera ndi zovuta kwambiri kusonyeza mbali ya khoma. Mwachitsanzo, zimakhala zosavuta kusonyeza mitundu yotsitsa ngati tsatanetsatane kuti muwonetse zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuyimitsa zitsulo, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuwerengera pambali. Zambiri zimatchulidwa kuti "Zophiphiritsira" mu mutu wawo, kutanthauza kuti chidziwitso chowonetsedwa ndichizoloŵezi cha zochitika zambiri za chikhalidwe chomwe chikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimasiyanasiyana ndi "choyimira" chimatengedwa ngati tsatanetsatane wosiyana ndi kulembedwa molingana.
Zomangamanga Zomangamanga ndi Zokongoletsera
Bracing Yotsatira
Kuphulika kwapambuyo ndi njira yowonjezera dongosolo kuti liwathandize kulimbana ndi mphamvu ya mpweya wa mphepo ndi zochitika zamatsenga. Zowonongeka, zogona, zomangamanga zowonongeka kwazomwe zimayendetsedwa kwambiri makamaka ndi kuzunzika kwa kunja kwa nyumbayo. Plywood yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndodo yokhala ndi ndodo, yomwe imakhala yosasunthika pamtundu umodzi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zigawo zonse za mkati kuti zisamayende. Kuonjezera apo, sizodziwika ndipo kawirikawiri amafunika ndi code, kuti apange zipinda zamkati zomwe zimayikidwa kunja kwa makoma osakhalanso ndi mphindi makumi awiri ndi zisanu (25 '). Makoma a mkatiwa amachititsa kuti zitsulo zamkati zisawonongeke. Kawirikawiri, kumanganso makoma ndi maulendo owonjezera kumaphatikizidwa mu zomangamanga pa malo akuluakulu pofuna kulimbikitsa mfundo zofooka. Kulimbikitsana kumeneku, komwe kumatchedwa kuti crossbracing, nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwazing'ono 18 "zazing'ono, kumene kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kulimbitsa mfundo zogwirizana pakati pa joists ndi kunja kwa makoma kuti zitsimikizike kuti zimakhala zogwirizana ndi momwe zimakhalira pakati pa magulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito masitepe amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikofunika kukumbukira kufunikira kwa magulu otsikirapo kuti akhale ndi ziboda zambiri kuposa pansipo. Izi ndizo chifukwa cha zovuta zina zowonjezeredwa ndi kutalika ndi kulemera kwa msinkhu wowonjezera. Chikhalidwe chokha cha thumbu ndi chakuti kamangidwe kamodzi kamene kamasowa 20% kotsamira kamodzi kokha ndipo muyenera kuwonjezera 20 peresenti pa mlingo uliwonse wowonjezera pamwamba pake, mwachitsanzo, kuti maziko a nsanjika ziwiri chipinda choyamba chikafuna 40% bracing ndi yachiwiri Pansi pangafunike 20%. Kuti mukhale ndi masitepe atatu, mlingo woyambirira udzafunika 60%, yachiwiri, 40% ndi yachitatu%. Ziwerengero izi ndizomwe zimapangidwira kukonza koyambirira ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomangamanga zomwe zimagwira ntchito komanso zomangamanga zomwe mukugwira ntchito.
Mawerengedwe a katundu
Kutenga ziwerengero ndizofunikira zoyenera kuti mudziwe katundu wolemetsa pa mamembala othandizira anu. Zinthu monga denga, katundu wa chipale chofewa, kulemera kwake kwa phokoso ndi pansi, ndi zina zotero zimayika zolemetsa zowonjezereka pamapangidwe anu ndipo ziyenera kuwerengedwera pamene mukuyang'anira mamembala anu. Zinthu zomwe zimakhala zolemera (joists, flooring, etc.) zimatchulidwa kuti "katundu wakufa", kutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa katundu omwe akuika pazowathandiza sikusintha. Ziwerengero zakufa zowonjezera zimapezeka powonjezera magawo angapo a chivundikiro ndi kulemera kwa zipangizo kuti mudziwe mapaundi / Square Foot (psf) omwe amafunika kuthandizidwa. Ndikofunika kuyika zonse zipangizo zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nthawi yowerengera zakufa. Mwachitsanzo, powerengera katundu wakufa padenga, muyenera kulingalira za kulemera kwake kwa ming'oma, kumeta, kumanga, ndi kutsekemera komanso mkati mwake mkati mwake kumathera ngati gypsum board.
Zolemera zomwe zingasinthe zimatchulidwa kuti "katundu wamoyo" (chipale chofewa, anthu, zipangizo zamakono, ndi zina zotero) ndipo kawirikawiri amawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito psf yochepa yomwe imalola kuthandizidwa ndi katundu woterewu muyeso. Mwachitsanzo, malipiro omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi a psf pa denga ndi psp 20 yowerengera chifukwa cha chipale chofewa, pamene katundu wamoyo mkati mwawo ndi 40 psf kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu ambiri, mipando, ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Nambala yeniyeni yomwe imavomerezedwa ikulamulidwa ndi zofunikira zachinyumba ndi zolemba zapadera. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti katundu wambiri ndi wochokera pamwamba, mwachitsanzo maziko a nsanjika ziwiri ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti azichirikiza katundu wakufa wa denga, denga, pansi, ndi makoma, komanso katundu wamoyo awiri nkhani zonse ndi katundu wa chisanu.