Kuwoneka pa Njira Zosiyanasiyana za Mauthenga Ailesi
Mauthenga a pawailesi ndi mauthenga osayendetsedwa opanda waya osagwiritsa ntchito mafunde omwe amapangidwa kuti athandize anthu ambiri. Zofalitsa zimaphatikizapo matekinoloje angapo omwe amatumiza zinthu kapena deta. Chifukwa cha kuyambitsidwa kwa matekinoloje atsopano, njira yomwe wailesi imafotokozera ikusintha kwambiri.
Nielsen Audio, yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti Arbitron, kampani ya United States yomwe imalengeza pawailesi, imatanthawuzira "wailesi" monga AM kapena FM; TV ya HD; Kusuta kwa intaneti kwa siteshoni yopezeka ndi boma; imodzi mwa mailesi a satana kuchokera ku XM Satellite Radio kapena Sirius Satellite Radio; kapena, mwinamwake, malo omwe si boma lovomerezeka.
Traditional Radio Broadcasting
Zofalitsa zachilendo zamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo malo AM ndi FM. Pali zigawo zingapo, zomwe zimalumikiza malonda, zopanda zamalonda, zofalitsa zapadera ndi zopanda phindu komanso magulu opanga ma radio ndi anthu omwe amaphunzira nawo masewera a koleji kudziko lonse lapansi.
Mtundu woyambirira wa wailesi, wotchedwa valve thermionic, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1904 ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya Chingerezi John Ambrose Fleming. Kulengeza koyamba kunanenedwa mu 1909 ndi Charles Herrold ku California. Pambuyo pake malo ake anakhala KCBS, omwe alipo lero ngati malo osungirako zinthu AM ku San Francisco.
AM Radio
AM, mtundu woyamba wa wailesi, imadziwikanso ngati kukula kwake. Zimatanthauzidwa ngati matalikidwe a mawotchi othandizira omwe ali osiyanasiyana malinga ndi khalidwe lina la chizindikiro choyendetsa. Gulu lamagetsi lamasewera limagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse kwa AM kusindikiza.
Masewera a AM amapezeka ku North America maulendo pafupipafupi 525 mpaka 1705 kHz, omwe amadziwikanso ndi "band broadcast band." Gululo linakula mu zaka za m'ma 1990 powonjezera njira zisanu ndi zinayi kuyambira 1605 mpaka 1705 kHz. Chizindikiro ndi chakuti chikhoza kuzindikiridwa ndikukhala phokoso ndi zipangizo zosavuta.
Chosavuta cha wailesi ya AM ndi chizindikiro cha kusokonezeka kwa mphezi, mphepo zamkuntho ndi zina zotsekemera monga magetsi a dzuwa. Mphamvu za magalimoto omwe amagawidwa kawirikawiri ayenera kuchepetsedwa usiku kapena kutsogolo kuti azitha kusokoneza. Usiku, zizindikiro za AM zimatha kupita ku malo akutali kwambiri, komabe, panthawiyo nthawi imene chizindikirochi chikutha kwambiri.
Ma wailesi a FM
FM, yomwe imadziŵikanso kuti kayendedwe kafupipafupi, inakhazikitsidwa ndi Edwin Howard Armstrong mu 1933 kuti athetse vuto lachisokonezo cha radio-frequency, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti avomereze ma radio. Kusinthasintha kwafupipafupi kunali njira yokopa deta pamsinkhu wina wotsatizana pogwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe kamodzi kameneka. FM imapezeka pa VHF airwaves pamtunda wa 88 mpaka 108 MHz.
Utumiki wa wailesi yakanema ku US anali Yankee Network, yomwe ili ku New England. Kufalitsa kwa FM kwa nthawi zonse kunayamba mu 1939 koma sikunayambe kuopseza makampani opanga ma TV. Inkafunika kugula munthu wapadera wolandira.
Monga chitukuko cha malonda, icho chinakhalabe chogwiritsidwa ntchito chaching'ono chogwiritsidwa ntchito poyimba mpaka mpaka m'ma 1960. Maofesi apamwamba a AM ali ndi ma licensiti a FM ndipo nthawi zambiri amafalitsa mapulogalamu omwewo pa FM pomwe ali pa station AM, yomwe imatchedwanso simulcasting.
Federal Communications Commission inalephera kuchita izi m'ma 1960. Pofika m'ma 1980, popeza pafupifupi ma radio onse atsopano anaphatikizapo AM ndi FM, FM inakhala njira yabwino kwambiri, makamaka mizinda.
Newer Radio Technology
Pakhala pali mitundu yambiri ya ma wailesi pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zatsopano za ma wailesi zomwe zagwedezeka kuyambira 2000, TV, TV yailesi ndi wailesi.
Satellite Radio
SIRIUS XM Satellite Radio, mgwirizano wa makampani awiri oyambirira a ma satesi opanga ma TV, amapereka mapulogalamu kwa mamiliyoni amamvetsera omwe amapereka zipangizo zapadera za wailesi pamodzi ndi malipiro olembetsa mwezi uliwonse.
Kuyamba koyamba ku America kwa satelesi kunali kwa XM mu September 2001.
Mapulogalamu amawonekera kuchokera pansi kupita ku satellite, kenako amabwezeretsedwa kunthaka. Maina apadera amalandira chidziwitso cha digito mwachindunji kuchokera ku satana kapena kuchokera ku malo obwereza omwe amadzaza mipata.
HD Radio
Mafilimu a wailesi ya HD amagwiritsa ntchito ma audio ndi deta yamakono pamodzi ndi zizindikiro zamakono za AM AM ndi FM. Kuyambira mu June 2008, ma TV oposa 1,700 a HD anali kufalitsa mafilimu 2,432 a HD.
Malingana ndi Ibiquity, wogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono, wailesi ya HD imapangitsa "... AM yako imamveka ngati FM ndi FM ngati ma CD."
The Ibiquity Digital Corporation, bungwe la America la makampani apadera, linanena kuti ma wailesi a HD amapereka multimasting ya FM, yomwe imatha kufalitsa maulendo angapo a ma FM pafupipafupi omwe amatha kulandira.
Internet Radio
Radiyo ya pa intaneti, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti yofalitsa kapena kusindikiza mafilimu, imamva ngati wailesi ndikumveka ngati wailesi koma siilesi kwenikweni mwa tanthauzo. Radiyo ya pa Intaneti imapereka chithunzi cha wailesi polekanitsa audio m'zinthu zing'onozing'ono zamaphunziro a digito, ndikuzitumizira kumalo ena, monga kompyuta kapena foni yamakono, ndiyeno kubwezeretsanso mapaketi kukhala mumtsinje umodzi wopitirira.
Ma Podcasts ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe intaneti ikugwirira ntchito. Ma Podcasts, portmanteau kapena kuphatikiza mawu iPod ndi kulengeza, ndizojambula zojambulidwa za mafayikiro ojambula a digito omwe wosuta angathe kukhazikitsa kuti magawo atsopanowu azisungidwa kudzera pa webusaiti yowonjezera kwa makompyuta am'deralo kapena ojambula ojambula.