Mbiri ya Atari 2600
Atari akubwezera ku Pong ndi Kuitanitsa & # 34; STELLA! & # 34;
Atari atatulutsa maseŵera awo a Pong pokonzekera maseŵera oyeretsera panyumba, anali othamanga kwambiri ndipo posakhalitsa amawoneka ndi opanga magetsi onse omwe angaganizire. Zaka zochepa chabe masamulo anali okhudzidwa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana komanso osiyanasiyana, ena mpaka kufika pogwiritsa ntchito microchip. Pofuna kukhalabe mtsogoleri wa zamalonda, Atali mtsogoleri wa Atari, Nolan Bushnell, adafuna kupanga chikhalidwe chatsopano cha masewera a kanema. Pochita zimenezi Atari anagula Cyan Engineering, yemwe anali atagwira kale ntchito yamakono atsopano pogwiritsa ntchito dzina la "Stella".
Panthawiyo, masewera onse a pakompyuta a kunyumba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito masamu a Logic Technology, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito kugonana ndi kuchepetsa. Izi zinapangitsa zithunzi zofanana kapena zofanana kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito m'masewera ochepa. Njirayi inalengedwa ndi Project Ralph Bayer ya Brown Box yomwe inadzakhala Magnavox Odyssey . Ichi ndi chifukwa chake masewera onse a pakompyuta a kunyumba yoyamba akuwongolera onse amawoneka ofanana.
Kupeza ndi Kupanga Njira Yoyenera
M'malo mwa luso lamakono, ntchito ya Stella ya Cyan imagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo choyambira (CPU) chotchedwa MOS Technology 6502, microprocessor ya 8-bit yomwe inayambitsidwa mu 1975 ngati pulosesa yotsika mtengo pamsika. Izi zinathandiza kuti pulogalamuyi ipangidwe kuchokera ku microchip mwamsanga popanda kuphwanya banki. Funso lotsatirali ndi momwe mungatulutsire mapulogalamu ambiri a masewero kuchokera kumtundu wakunja.
Mu 1972, Hewlett-Packard inayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makapu a ROM, chipolopolo chimakhala ndi chipangizo cha R ead- O nly M emory chomwe chili ndi pulogalamu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito cartridge. Makapu a ROM adapereka njira yothetsera Stella. Mafayi a masewera adasungidwa pa cartridge ya ROM kudzera pa kuwonjezera kwa kukumbukira mosavuta (RAM) Chip, ndipo purosesa ya MOS Technology 6502 iwerengera pulogalamuyo kudzera mu chipangizo cha input / output (I / O) chip. Kuchokera pamsika, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti njira yabwinoyi yothetsera vutoli inali mtengo wotsika wa ROM Cartridges, komanso ndi chipangizo cha Cyan chotchedwa Television Interface Adapter (TIA) chipangizo chodziwika bwino, zonse zowoneka bwino ndi zowona zatha.
Kugulitsa Kwa Munthu
Ndikamagwiritsa ntchito matekinologalamu omwewo panthawi yomweyo, sizodabwitsa kuti kampani ina ikanapanga lingaliro lomwelo panthawi yomweyo, ndipo Company Fairchild Semiconductor inamenya Atari ku msika mu 1976 ndi Fairchild Video Entertainment System (yomwe inadzatchedwa kuti Fairchild Channel F ) yomwe inagwiritsira ntchito Fairchild F8 CPU, yokonzedwa ndi Mlengi wa Intel Robert Noyce.
Atari anali olemera kwambiri pa chitukuko cha Stella ndipo anafunikira ndalama zambiri kuti athe kumasulidwa. Kupita poyera sikunali kosankhidwa pamene msika wogulitsa unali kuchepa kwambiri. Chifukwa choopseza gawo lonse la msika pogwiritsa ntchito Channel F, Nolan Bushnell adayanjanirana ndi Warner Communications, (yomwe masiku ano imadziwika kuti Time Warner) yomwe idatha kugula. Bushnell anakhalabe wogwira ntchito kuti ayendetse bizinesiyo.
Pamene Stella anamaliza kutulutsidwa ndi kutulutsidwa mu 1977 dzina lake anasinthidwa kukhala Atari Video Computer System , koma kenako adasinthidwanso ndi Atari 2600 , yemwe tsopano ndi wolemekezeka kwambiri, atatha kupanga chiwerengero cha CX2600. Poyamba anthu okwana 2600 anatulutsidwa ndi phwando la anthu osauka, koma mawuwa anafika mofulumira ndipo pofika mu 1979 anali kugunda, kugulitsa miyendo yoposa miliyoni chaka chomwecho chokha. Mwamwayi nthawi zovuta zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino zinapangitsa kuti Bushnell akhale paubwenzi ndi Warner Communications. Bushnell adachoka ku kampaniyo mu 1978, chaka chotsatira chochitira umboni kuti chitukukochi chinapambana.
Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira Atari anapitiriza kupitiriza mbiri, kugulitsa zonse mpikisano ndi kuika kwake komweko komanso makina a masewera. Ndi mpikisano waukulu, Channel F, analibe mafilimu kapena zamveka za 2600, kapena chimphona chachikulu monga Warner Communications kumbuyo kwake. Ngakhale Channel F inali yoyamba ya mtundu wake, maina 26 okha adatulutsidwa chifukwa cha izo, ndipo Fairchild posakhalitsa anagonjetsedwa ndi Atari malonda.
Kupambana kwakukulu kwa Atari kunangochititsa kuti iwonongeke. Pamene kampaniyo idakali yothamanga, olemba mapulogalamuwa sanakhutitsidwe ndi chithandizo chawo. Atari anali atachoka pamalo ogwira ntchito osangalatsa pansi pa chitukuko cha Bushnell, kupita ku gig yosakanizika, yogwirizanitsa ndi kuvomereza kwenikweni kapena mphotho ya ntchito yabwino kwambiri, makonzedwe owonetsera masewera a kanema akugwera lero. Pasanapite nthawi, olemba mapulogalamu omwe anathandiza kumanga ufumu wa Atari anayamba kuchoka ndikupanga makampani awo kuti azifalitsa masewera a 2600.
Monga momwe lingaliro la kutonthoza ndi masewera osinthika linali akadali lingaliro latsopano, ndipo mbadwo wakale wa masewero a masewero a kanema onse akugwirizana, malamulo a chivomezi, chivomezi ndi chikhalidwe cha malonda sanakhazikitsidwe kuti ateteze opanga mapulogalamu oyambirira monga iwo aliri lero. Pasanapite nthawi, msikawo unasefukira ndi masewera, zonse zomwe zinapangidwira anthu 2600 komanso ambiri omwe anapangidwa ndi olemba mapulogalamu a Atari omwe adalumphira sitimayo. Ofalitsa a chipani chachitatu adatha kugwira ntchito mozungulira ufulu wawo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a Atari, powonjezera kuti sakugwirizana ndi Atari Inc. komanso kungodziwa kuti cartridge yapangidwira "Atari Video Game System".
Posakhalitsa Atari anayamba kukumana ndi mavuto omwewo omwe anachititsa Pong kutha. Osati ndi masewero ofanana, koma ndi makampani ambirimbiri omwe akuthamangira kukatenga golide wa 2600, ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Zambiri mwa maseŵerawa anali otsika kwambiri komanso okhutira. Ngakhale maudindo odziwika okha a Atari anayamba kuvutika chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwapangidwe kazinthu ndipo ambiri mwa mapulogalamu awo omwe anali atasiya kale ntchito.
Ngakhale kuti ambiri amathetsa masewera oipa a ET ndi 2600 monga chiyambi cha kuchepa kwa Atari, komanso kuwonetsa kwa Masewero a Vuto la Vuto la Vuto la 1983 , kunali masewera ochuluka kwambiri, otsika kwambiri kanyumba kakang'ono kakukula m'nyumba ndi mabasi. Warner anagulitsira Atari mu 1984 kupita ku Commodore Business Machines yemwe anatseka mwamsanga mapiko ake.
Mu 1986, Commodore anatulutsa Baibulo la 2600 monga mutu wa bajeti ndi mndandanda wa malonda "Kusewera Kumabwerera!". Njirayi idagulitsidwa bwino koma potsirizira pake inatha mu 1990. Mpaka lero Atari 2600 akhalabe wotalikitsa kwambiri masewera otsegulira masewera a pakhomo pakhomopo nthawi zambiri maina ake otchuka kwambiri akuwona kuti kubwezeretsedwanso kwa masewera olimbana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndi mapulogalamu okonzekera pulogalamuyake monga mapulogalamu a retro.