Phukusi ndilo gawo loyankhulana pa intaneti. Phukusi limatchedwanso datagram, gawo, chipika, selo kapena chimango, malingana ndi ndondomeko yogwiritsidwa ntchito popereka deta. Pamene deta iyenera kugawidwa, imasokonekera muzinthu zofanana za deta asanayambe kutumiza, yotchedwa mapaketi, omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ku deta yapachiyambi chunk akafika kumene akupita.
Makhalidwe a Data Packet
Kapangidwe ka paketi kumadalira mtundu wa pakiti ndi pa protocol. Werengani m'munsimu pa mapaketi ndi ma protocol. Kawirikawiri, paketi ili ndi mutu ndi malipiro.
Mutu umapitiriza kudziwa zambiri za pakiti, utumiki, ndi deta zina zokhudzana ndi kufalitsa. Mwachitsanzo, kutumizira deta pa intaneti kumafuna kudula deta mu IP paketets, yomwe imatchulidwa mu IP (Internet Protocol), ndipo ip packet ikuphatikizapo:
- Ma adilesi a IP, omwe ndi adilesi ya IP ya makina akutumiza deta.
- Ma adiresi apakiti a IP, omwe ndi makina kapena chipangizo chomwe deta imatumizidwa.
- Chiwerengero cha mapaketi, chiwerengero chimene chimayika mapaketi kuti apangidwe mobwerezabwereza kuti adziŵe bwino momwe adayambira poyamba asanatumizidwe.
- Mtundu wa utumiki
- Flags
- Ndipo deta ina yowonjezera
- Malipiro, omwe amaimira kuchuluka kwa paketi (zonse zomwe tazitchulazi zikuwoneka ngati zapamwamba), ndipo kwenikwenidi deta ikuchitidwa.
Ma Pakiti ndi Mapulogalamu
Mapulogalamu amasiyana mofanana ndi machitidwe ndi machitidwe malinga ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. VoIP amagwiritsa ntchito IP protocol, ndipo chotero mapaketi a IP. Pa intaneti ya Ethernet , mwachitsanzo, deta imafalitsidwa mu mafelemu a Ethernet .
Mu pulogalamu ya IP, mapaketi a IP amayenda pa intaneti kudzera mu node, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo komanso maulendo (omwe amadziwika kuti amatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi) akupezeka panjira kuchokera ku gwero kupita ku malo omwe akupita. Phukusi lirilonse limayendetsedwa kupita kumalo opita kuchokera ku adiresi yoyamba ndi malo omwe akupita. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo iliyonse, router imasankha, malinga ndi kuwerengera komwe kumakhudza ziwerengero za makanema ndi ndalama, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kutumiza pakiti.
Node imeneyi ndi yabwino kwambiri kutumiza pakiti. Ichi ndi gawo la kusinthana kwa pakiti komwe kumaponyera mapaketi pa intaneti ndipo aliyense wa iwo amapeza njira yake yopita komwe akupita. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a intaneti kwaulere, ndipo chifukwa chachikulu chimene VoIP akuyimbira ndi kuyitana pa Intaneti ndiwotchipa kapena otsika mtengo kwambiri.
Mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe cha telephony komwe mzere kapena dera pakati pa gwero ndi komwe akupita liyenera kudzipatulira ndi kusungidwa (kutchedwa kusinthasintha kwa circuit), motero mtengo wolemetsa, paketi yosintha ikugwiritsira ntchito makina omwe alipo kale kwaulere.
Chitsanzo china ndi TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi IP mu zomwe timachitcha kuti TCP / IP. TCP ili ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti kutumiza deta ndi kotheka. Kuti upeze zimenezo, zimayang'ana ngati mapaketi afika poyendetsa, kaya mapaketi aliwonse akusowa kapena akhala akuphatikizidwa, ndipo ngati pali kuchedwa mukutumiza kwa paketi. Imalamulira izi mwa kukhazikitsa nthawi ndi zizindikiro zotchedwa kuvomereza.
Pansi
Deta imayenda mu mapaketi pazithunzi za digito ndi zonse zomwe timadya, kaya ndizolemba, zojambula, zithunzi kapena mavidiyo, zimabwerera m'mapaketi omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi zipangizo zathu kapena makompyuta. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, pamene chithunzi chikuyendetsa pang'onopang'ono, mukuwona zizindikiro zake zikuwonekera.