Mafakitale ambiri opanga mauthenga a deta amagwiritsira ntchito mapaketi kuti atumize deta kuchokera ku chipangizo choyambira kupita ku chipangizo chopita. IP protocol siyekha. Mapaketi a IP ndizofunikira kwambiri ndi zigawo zofunika kwambiri pazolowera. Ndizo zinyama zomwe zimanyamula deta panthawi yopatsira. Iwo ali ndi mutu womwe uli ndi chidziwitso chowathandiza kupeza njira yawo ndi kubwereranso pambuyo pa kutumiza.
Ntchito ziwiri zazikulu za IP protocol ndizoyendetsa ndi kulumikiza . Kuti muyende mapaketi ndi makina pa intaneti, IP (Internet Protocol) imagwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti omwe amanyamula mkati mwa mapaketi.
Zambiri Zowonjezera pa Mapaketi a IP
Malingaliro achidule omwe ali pachithunziwa ndi othandiza kwambiri kuti akupatseni lingaliro la ntchito ya zinthu zamutu. Komabe, ena sangakhale omveka:
- Chizindikiro chogwiritsiridwa ntchito chikuthandizira kubwezeretsanso pakiti kuchoka ku zidutswa zingapo. Pamene deta imatumizidwa pa intaneti, yaphwasulidwa mu zigawo zing'onozing'ono zomwe zikutsekedwa mu mapaketi awa. Ma IP, monga intaneti, sakhala otetezeka, choncho mapake angakhoze kutayika, akhoza kuchedwa, ndipo akhoza kufika polakwika. Akadzafika komweko, chizindikiritso chimathandiza kuzindikira pakiti ndi kubwezeretsanso deta kumbuyo kwake.
- Mbendera yogawanika imanena ngati pakitiyo ingagawanike kapena ayi.
- Fragment offset ndi munda kuti mudziwe kachidutswa kake komwe kamakonzedwera.
- Nthawi Yokhala ndi Moyo (TTL) ndi nambala yomwe imasonyeza kuti mazenera angati (router apita) paketi ingapange isanamwalire. Kawirikawiri, pa router iliyonse, paketi imafufuzidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zilipo pa router pamayendedwe ena oyandikana nawo, chisankho chimapangidwira kuti njira yabwino ndi iti. Paketi imatumizidwa ku router yotsatirayo. Mu kukonzekera uku, phukusi likhoza kuyenda mozungulira. Palinso madzi osefukira monga njira ina, zomwe zikutanthauza kutumiza kopi ya pakiti ku router yoyandikana nayo; ndiye makina osokoneza okha akudya pakiti. Mapaketi ena adzayenda. TTL ndi nambala, kawirikawiri 255, yomwe imachepetsa nthawi iliyonse phukusi likadutsa router. Mwanjira iyi, mapaketi ochepa adzafa kamodzi pamene TTL ikufikira zero.
- Mutu wa checksum ndi nambala yogwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ndi kukonzedwa kolakwika pakutumiza kwa phukusi. Deta mu paketi imadyetsedwa mu dongosolo la masamu limene limabweretsa chiwerengero, chomwe chimatumizidwa limodzi ndi deta mu paketi. Pamalo olandirako, ndalamayi ikuwerengedwanso kachiwiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi. Ngati zili zofanana ndi ndalama zoyambirira, deta ndi yabwino, ngati izo zimaonedwa kuti ndi zowonongeka ndipo paketi inatayidwa.
- Malipiro omwe ndi data enieni omwe akutengedwa. Onani kuti malipiro a deta angakhale a 64 KiloBytes, omwe ndi aakulu poyerekeza ndi zonse zomwe zili pamutu.