Mzere uliwonse unafotokozera
Tsegulani Njira Yogwirizanitsa Njira (OSI)
Njira yotchedwa Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) imatanthawuza chida chogwiritsira ntchito malumikizowo kuti agwiritse ntchito ndondomeko muzowonjezereka, ndipo ulamuliro umadutsa kuchokera kumtunda umodzi mpaka wotsatira. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka lero ngati chida chophunzitsira. Ikulumikiza makonzedwe a makina a makompyuta kukhala zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri muzondomeko zomveka bwino. Zigawo zochepa zimagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zamagetsi, deta ya data ya binary , ndi kuyendetsa deta izi pa intaneti. Mawindo apamwamba akuphimba mapulogalamu a makanema ndi mayankho, maimidwe a deta, ndi machitidwe a pa intaneti monga momwe akuwonera pa malingaliro a wogwiritsa ntchito.
Mchitidwe wa OSI poyamba unamangidwa monga makonzedwe omangamanga a zomangamanga ndipo ndithudi, matekinoloji ambiri otchuka a makompyuta masiku ano amawonetsera kapangidwe kake ka OSI.
01 a 07
Mzere Wathupi
Pachigawo cha 1, chikhalidwe cha OSI chimayambitsa kutumiza kwadongosolo kwa deta kuchokera ku thupi lachitsulo cha chitsimikizo pa makanema oyankhulana ndi makina okhudzana ndi mauthenga oyankhulana. Zitsanzo za matekinoloje a pazithunzi 1 zimaphatikizapo matepi a Ethernet ndi mawonekedwe a Token Ring . Kuwonjezera pamenepo, zikhomo ndi zina zomwe zimabwereza ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimagwira ntchito pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga zowonjezera.
Pa Physical layer, deta imafalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chothandizidwa ndi zowoneka bwino: magetsi a magetsi, maulendo a ma wailesi, kapena magetsi a kuwala kapena kuwala.
02 a 07
Gawo la Dongosolo la Data
Pamene mukupeza deta kuchokera ku thupi, gawo la Data Link limayang'ana zolakwika zofalitsa thupi ndi ma phukusi pazipangizo "mafelemu". Mndandanda wa Data Link umayendetsanso njira zowonetsera zolemba monga MAC maadiresi a ma intaneti a Ethernet, kuyang'anira kupeza kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi kumalo osakaniza. Chifukwa chakuti gawo la Data Link ndilokhalo lovuta kwambiri muchitsanzo cha OSI, nthawi zambiri limagawidwa mu magawo awiri, sublayer "Media Access Control" ndi sublayer "Logical Link Control".
03 a 07
Mndandanda wa Network
Mtanda wosanjikiza umaphatikizapo lingaliro la kuyendetsa pamwamba pa Data Link layer. Deta ikafika pa Network layer, magwero ndi malo omwe amapezeka amapezeka mkati mwa chimango chilichonse amafufuzidwa kuti adziwe ngati deta lafika pamapeto pake. Ngati chiwerengero chafika pamapeto pake, Gawoli 3 limapanga deta mu mapaketi omwe amaperekedwa kwa osanjikiza. Apo ayi, Network yosanjikiza imasintha adiresi yopita komweko ndipo imaponyera chimango kumbuyo ku zigawo zochepa.
Pofuna kuthandizira njira, Mndandanda wa Network umakhala ndi maadiresi olondola monga ma Adresse a IP akupanga pa intaneti. Makomandidwe a Network amagwiranso ntchito mapu pakati pa maadiresi ovomerezeka ndi ma adressesi. Pogwiritsa ntchito IP, mapuwa akukwaniritsidwa kudzera mu Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) .
04 a 07
Mndandanda wa Zamtundu
Mndandanda wa Zamtunduwu umapereka deta kudutsa mauthenga a intaneti. TCP ndi chitsanzo chofala kwambiri pazithunzithunzi zazithunzithunzi za Transport Layer 4 . Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopititsa patsogolo imatha kuthandizira njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mungathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizapo zolakwika zowonongeka, kuyendetsa bwino, ndi kuthandizira kubwezeretsa.
05 a 07
Gawo la Gawo
Gawo la Gawoli limayendetsa kayendetsedwe kake ndi kayendedwe ka zochitika zomwe zimayambitsa ndi kugwetsa kugwirizana kwa intaneti. Pachigawo chachisanu, chimamangidwa kuti zithandizire mitundu yambiri yolumikizana yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwamphamvu ndi kuyendetsa pa intaneti.
06 cha 07
Mphindi Wopereka
Mzere wosonyeza ndi wosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito gawo lililonse la OSI. Pa Mndandanda wa 6, imagwiritsa ntchito ma syntax processing data deta monga mawonekedwe kusintha ndi encryption / decryption zofunika kuti zitsulo Zofunsira pamwambapa.
07 a 07
Gawo la Ntchito
Mzere wothandizira umapereka mautumiki a makanema kumagwiritsidwe ntchito omaliza. Mautumiki a pa intaneti ndiwo machitidwe omwe amagwira ntchito ndi deta ya wogwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, muwotsegulira pa Webusaiti, HTTP yowonjezeramo ntchito imaphatikizapo deta yofunikira kutumiza ndi kulandira tsamba la webusaiti. Mndandanda uwu 7 umapereka deta kwa (ndipo imapezera deta kuchokera) yowonjezeredwa.