"Sayansi yothandizira" ndilokutanthauzira kutanthauza mitundu yambiri yothandizira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira akulu ndi ana olumala pamoyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Sayansi yothandizira sayenera kukhala chitukuko chapamwamba. Katswiri wamakono angakhale chinthu chomwe sichigwiritsa ntchito "teknoloji" yambiri. Pepala ndi pepala zingakhale njira yolankhulirana ndi munthu wina amene akuvutika kulankhula. Pamapeto pake, zipangizo zamakono zingaphatikizepo zipangizo zovuta kwambiri, monga zojambulira zowonongeka ndi zopangira zowonongeka. Nkhaniyi ili ngati chiyambi choyambitsira zipangizo zamakono kwa anthu omwe alibe chilema, kotero sitidzaphimba mtundu uliwonse wa zipangizo zamakono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zonse.
Chilengedwe chonse
Kukonzekera kwa chilengedwe ndi lingaliro la kumanga zinthu zomwe zili zothandiza ndi zowonjezereka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi ulemale. Mawebusaiti, malo onse, ndi mafoni akhoza kupanga zonse ndi malingaliro apadziko lonse m'maganizo. Chitsanzo cha kapangidwe ka chilengedwe chonse chimawoneka pamadoko ambiri a mumzinda. Mphepete mwadothi imadulidwira pamtunda kuti anthu onse aziyenda komanso omwe akuyendetsa njinga olumala. Zizindikiro zoyendayenda nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito phokoso kuwonjezera pa ziwonetsero zowonetsera kuti anthu azikhala ndi vuto la masomphenya amadziwa ngati sangathe kuwoloka. Zolengedwa zonse sizimangothandiza anthu olemala. Misewu yopita pamsewu ndi yothandiza kuti mabanja azikankhira oyendayenda kapena oyendayenda akukoka katundu wamkokomo.
Mavuto Owonetsera ndi Kulemala Kwasindikiza
Kuwonongeka kowonetsa kumakhala kofala kwambiri. Ndipotu, anthu okwana 14 miliyoni a ku America amatha kuona vuto linalake, ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amafunikira luso lamakono la magalasi. Amamerika mamiliyoni atatu ali ndi zovuta zapamwamba zomwe sizingathetsedwe ndi magalasi. Kwa anthu ena, si nkhani yokhudza thupi ndi maso awo. Kuphunzira kusiyana ngati dyslexia kungakhale kovuta kuĊµerenga malemba. Makompyuta ndi zipangizo zamakono monga mafoni ndi mapiritsi apereka njira yowonjezereka yothetsera mavuto onse owonetsera komanso kusokonekera.
Owerenga Pulogalamu
Owerenga masewero ali (monga akumveketsera) mapulogalamu kapena mapulogalamu omwe amawerengera pamasewerowo, kawirikawiri ndi mawu omwe amapangidwa ndi makompyuta. Anthu ena olumala amagwiritsanso ntchito maonekedwe a braille omwe amamasulira pulogalamu ya makompyuta (kapena piritsi) muwongolere wa braille. Palibe owerenga masewero kapena maonekedwe a braille ndi opambana. Mawebusaiti ndi mapulogalamu amayenera kupangidwa ndi malo oganizira kuti awerenge bwino mu owerenga masewera ndi maonekedwe ena.
Mafoni onse a Android ndi iOS ndi mapiritsi akhala akuwonekera muzithunzi. Pa iOS iyi imatchedwa VoiceOver , ndipo pa Android, imatchedwa TalkBack . Mukhoza kufika ponse pamakonzedwe opangidwira pazipangizozo. (Ngati mukuyesera kuti izi zitheke, zingatengere mayesero angapo kuti aziteteze.) Wowonjezera Wowonjezera Wowonjezera Moto wotchedwa Explore by Touch.
Mafoni ndi mapiritsi okhala ndi zojambulazo amaoneka ngati ali ndi chidwi chofuna kuwona zosaoneka, koma anthu ambiri amawapeza kuti ndi ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndi malo okhala. Kawirikawiri, mukhoza kukhazikitsa pulogalamu yam'manja pa iOS ndi Android kuti mukhale ndi nambala yowonongeka ya mapulogalamu pa malo okonzedwa pawindo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mukhoza kuyika chala chanu pamalo abwino pawindo popanda kuwona chithunzi. Pamene Talkback kapena VoiceOver imathandizidwa, kugwiritsira ntchito pazenera kudzayambitsa malo ozungulira chinthu chomwe mwajambula (ichi chikufotokozedwa mu mtundu wosiyana). Mauthenga a pakompyuta kapena pulogalamu yamakono adzawerenganso zomwe mwalemba "OK button" kenako mumagwiranso kuti mutsimikizire kusankha kwanu kapena pompani kwinakwake kuti musiye.
Kwa makompyuta a pa kompyuta ndi laputopu, pali owerenga ambiri owonetsera. Apple yamanga VoiceOver mu makompyuta awo onse, omwe angatulutsenso ku maonekedwe a braille. Mukhoza kuyipeza kudzera mu Kupezeka kwa menyu kapena kuigwiritsa ntchito ndi kukanikiza potsatira lamulo-F5. Mosiyana ndi TalkBack ya foni ndi VoiceOver, ndizosavuta kuti zikhale zotheka ndikuziletsa izi. Mawindo aposachedwa amaperekanso zipangizo zowonjezera kudzera mu Narrator, ngakhale ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito Windows akusankha kumasula mapulogalamu amphamvu owerenga masewero monga NVDA (FreeViual Desktop Access) ndi otchuka kwambiri koma okwera mtengo JAWS (Job Access With Speech) kuchokera ku Ufulu Scientific.
Ogwiritsa ntchito Linux angagwiritse ntchito ORCA kuti awonere masewera kapena BRLTTY kuti mawonedwe a braille apange.
Owerenga pafupipafupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mophatikizana ndi zidule za keyboard koma osati mbewa.
Malamulo a Voice ndi Dictation
Malamulo a mawu ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha chilengedwe chonse, monga momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndi aliyense amene angathe kulankhula momveka bwino. Ogwiritsa ntchito angapeze malamulo a mawu pa Mac, ma Windows, Android, ndi iposachedwa. Kwa nthawi yayitali, palinso chinenero chozindikiritsa mapulogalamu.
Kukula ndi Kusiyanitsa
Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto lowonetsa angathe kuona koma osakwanira kuti awerenge malemba kapena kuwona zinthu pawonekedwe la pakompyuta. Izi zingatithandizenso pamene tikukula komanso maso athu akusintha. Kukula ndi kusiyanitsa malemba kumathandiza ndi zimenezo. Ogwiritsa ntchito apulogalamu a Apple ambiri amadalira maofesi opindula a MacOS ndi mazenera a khibhodi kuti afotokoze mbali zina za chinsalu, pamene ogwiritsa ntchito Windows akusankha kukhazikitsa ZoomText. Mukhozanso kusinthasintha mausakatuli anu kuti muwonjezere malemba pa Chrome, Firefox, Microsoft Edge, ndi Safari kapena kuyika zida zofikira zofikira kwa msakatuli wanu.
Kuwonjezera apo (kapena mmalo mwake) kukulitsa malembawo, anthu ena amawunikira kukhala othandiza kuwonjezera kusiyana, kutembenuza mitundu, kutembenuza chirichonse kukhala chokwera, kapena kukulitsa kukula kwa chithunzithunzi. Apple imaperekanso mwayi wosankha mtolo wochulukirapo ngati mutagwedeza "," kutanthauza kuti mumagwedeza mtolowo mobwerezabwereza.
Mafoni a Android ndi iOS angaperekenso malemba kapena kusintha mawonetsedwe osiyana, ngakhale izi sizikhoza kugwira bwino ndi mapulogalamu ena.
Kwa anthu ena omwe ali ndi zolephereka kusindikiza, e-reader angapange kuwerenga mosavuta mwina powonjezera malemba kulankhula kapena kusintha kusintha.
Malingaliro a Audio
Osati kanema iliyonse imapereka iwo, koma mavidiyo ena amapereka mafotokozedwe omvera, omwe ndi voovers omwe amasonyeza zomwe zikuchitika mu kanema kwa anthu omwe sangathe kuziwona. Izi ndi zosiyana ndi ziganizo, zomwe ziri zolemba malemba a mawu omwe akunenedwa.
Magalimoto Odzikonda
Ichi si tekinoloji yomwe imapezeka kwa munthu wamba lero, koma Google ayesa kale kuyendetsa galimoto ndi anthu osakwera omwe sakwera.
Kumva Kufooka
Kumva kutayika kumakhala kofala kwambiri. Ngakhale anthu ambiri akumva amayamba kuganiza kuti kutaya kumvetsera kumakhala "kovuta kumva" komanso kumva kutsegula ngati "osamva," kutanthauza kuti fuzzier. Anthu ambiri omwe amadziwika ngati ogontha amakhalabe ndi vuto linalake lakumvetsera (mwina sangakhale lokwanira kumvetsa mawu). Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kukulitsa ndi njira zamakono zothandizira (makamaka zomwe zimathandizira kumva.)
Kuyankhulana kwa Pafoni ndi Kumva Kutayika
Kuyankhulana kwachinsinsi pakati pa wogontha ndi munthu womvetsera kungapangidwe ku US kupyolera mu utumiki wotumizira. Mautumiki othandizira nthawi zambiri amawonjezera womasulira munthu pakati pa anthu awiriwo pokambirana. Njira imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito malemba (TTY) ndipo ina imagwiritsa ntchito kanema kanema ndi chinenero chamanja. Mulimonsemo, womasulira wamunthu amatha kuwerenga malemba kuchokera ku makina a TTY kapena amatanthauzira chinenero chamanja kuti ayankhule Chingerezi kuti atumize kuyankhulana kwa munthu womvetsera pa foni. Imeneyi ndi yochepetsetsa komanso yovuta kwambiri yomwe imaphatikizapo mobwerezabwereza ndipo imafunika nthawi zambiri kuti wina ayambe kukambirana. Zosiyana ndi zokambirana za TTY zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ozindikiritsa mawu monga mkhalapakati.
Ngati onse ogwiritsira ntchito ali ndi TTY chipangizo, zokambiranazo zikhoza kuchitika mwamalemba popanda woyendetsa. Komabe, zipangizo zina za TTY zisanayambe kutumizirana mameseji ndi mauthenga olemba mameseji ndikukumana ndi zofooka zina, monga kumangokhala mzere umodzi wa zilembo zonse popanda zizindikiro. Komabe, iwo akadali ofunikira kuti anthu obwera mofulumira, ngati munthu wogontha angapange foni ya TTY popanda kuyembekezera utumiki wotumizira kuti amasulire zochitika zam'tsogolo mobwerezabwereza.
Mafotokozedwe
Mavidiyo angagwiritse ntchito mawu omveka kuti asonyeze kukambirana kumene akugwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito malemba. Tsegulani mawu ofotokozera ndizolemba zomwe zimapangidwa kosatha monga gawo la kanema ndipo sangasunthe kapena kusintha. Anthu ambiri amakonda mawu otsekedwa , omwe angatsegulidwe kapena kutsekedwa ndi kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, pa Youtube, mukhoza kukoka ndi kutaya ziganizo zotsekedwa kumalo ena pazenera ngati zolembazo zikutsutsa malingaliro anu. (Pitirizani kuyesera). Mukhozanso kusintha mndandanda ndikusinthanitsa ndi mafotokozedwe.
- Pitani ku kanema ya YouTube ndi ziganizo zatsekedwa.
- Dinani pa Mapangidwe
- Dinani pa Subtitles / CC
- Kuchokera pano mukhoza kusankha zosinthira, koma ife tikunyalanyaza izo pakali pano, dinani pa Zosankha
- Mukhoza kusintha maulendo angapo kuphatikizapo mausitomala, kukula kwa malemba, mtundu wa malemba, mawonekedwe apamwamba, mtundu wachikulire, mawonekedwe a m'mbuyo, mtundu wa mawindo ndi opacity, ndi mawonekedwe a m'munsi.
- Mwina mungafunike kufufuza kuti muwone zonse zomwe mungasankhe.
- Mukhoza kubwezeretsanso zolakwika pamasamba awa.
Pafupifupi mavidiyo onse amathandizira mawu omangika, koma kuti mawu omangika asamayende bwino, wina ayenera kuwonjezera mawuwo. YouTube ikuyesera ndi kumasulira kwa galimoto pogwiritsa ntchito tekinoloji yowona-mawu yomwe imapatsa mphamvu ma Google Voice voice, koma zotsatira sizinali zosangalatsa nthawizonse kapena zolondola.
Kulankhula
Kwa iwo omwe sangathe kuyankhula, pali zowonjezera zowonjezera mawu ndi matekinoloje othandizira omwe amasulira manja muzolemba. Stephen Hawking angakhale chitsanzo cholemekezeka kwambiri cha munthu yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito sayansi yothandizira kulankhula.
Njira zina zoyankhulirana ndi njira zina (AAC) zingaphatikizepo njira zothetsera nzeru monga mapulogalamu a laser ndi mapepala olankhulana (monga momwe amawonetsera pawonetsero pa TV), zipangizo zoperekedwa, kapena mapulogalamu monga Proloquo2Go.