Zinthu, Zolemba Zomangirira, Zida Zopangira, Zithunzi za Venn
Amasintha mwachidule
Masamu, ndondomeko ndi zokopa kapena mndandanda wa zinthu.
Zida sizinangokhala ndi manambala, koma zimakhala ndi chirichonse kuphatikizapo:
- chakudya mufiriji;
- mapulaneti mu dongosolo la dzuwa;
Ngakhale maselo angakhale ndi chilichonse, nthawi zambiri amatchula manambala omwe akugwirizana ndi chitsanzo kapena amodzi mwa njira monga:
- Zosangalatsa ngakhale manambala osachepera 10: (0, 2, 4, 6, 8);
- Zambiri mwa nambala 12: (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12).
Sungani Chiwerengero
Zinthu zomwe zili muyitanidwe zimatchedwa zigawo ndipo zotsatirazi kapena misonkhano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi seti:
- Makalata osakwatiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mapepala - monga J, E, kapena F ;
- Makalata apansi kapena manambala amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zadongosolo;
- Maluwa okongoletsera {}} amatanthauza mndandanda wa zinthu muyikidwa;
- Makasitomala amagwiritsidwa ntchito popatukana zinthu.
Kotero, zitsanzo za kuika chizindikiro zikanakhala:
J = {jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune}
E = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8};
F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12};
Order Order ndi Kubwereza
Zomwe zili muyeso siziyenera kukhala mu dongosolo lililonse kotero kuti J yomwe ili pamwamba ikhoza kulembedwa monga:
J = {kupuma, jupiter, neptune, uranus}
kapena
J = {neptune, jupiter, uranus, saturn}
Zinthu zobwereza sizimasintha zomwe zili, choncho:
J = {jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune}
ndi
J = {jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune, jupiter, saturn}
ndizofanana chifukwa zonsezi zili ndi zinthu zinayi zokhazokha: jupiter, saturn, uranus, ndi neptune.
Amasintha ndi Ellipses
Ngati pali chiwerengero chopanda malire - kapena chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zili muyikidwa, ellipsis (...) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kuti chitsanzo chayikidwapo mpaka muyaya.
Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha nambala za chilengedwe chimayambira pa zero, koma chilibe mathero, kotero chikhoza kulembedwa mwa mawonekedwe:
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }
Chiwerengero china chapadera chomwe chilibe mapeto ndizomwe zilipo. Popeza chiwerengero chitha kukhala chabwino kapena choipa, komabe, chigwiritsirocho chimagwiritsira ntchito ellipses pamapeto onse kuti asonyeze kuti chikhazikitso chikupitirira kwamuyaya zonsezi:
{ ... , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
Ntchito ina ya ellipses ndiyo kudzaza pakati pa malo aakulu monga:
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, ..., 94, 96, 98, 100}
The ellipsis amasonyeza kuti chitsanzo - ngakhale manambala okha - amapitilira kupyolera pamalo osadziwika.
Mitundu Yapadera
Magulu apadera amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito makalata kapena zizindikiro. Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- Ø kapena {} - zopanda kanthu - seti yopanda zinthu ;
- U -chilengedwe chonse - chikhazikitso chokhala ndi zinthu zonse zokhudzana ndi tsatanetsatane yeniyeni ;
- Z - chiwerengero cha intego zonse: Z = { ... , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... };
- N - nambala zachibadwa (intego zabwino): N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }.
Roster vs. Njira Zowonetsera
Kulemba kapena kulembetsa zinthu zomwe zilipo, monga kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulaneti apakati kapena apadziko lapansi m'dongosolo lathu la dzuŵa, limatchulidwa ngati ndondomeko ya roster kapena njira yoyamba .
T = {mercury, venus, dziko, mars}
Njira ina yozindikiritsira zinthu zomwe zilipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yotsatanetsatane, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ndemanga kapena dzina lalifupi kuti lifotokoze zinthu monga:
T = {mapulaneti apadziko lapansi}
Makhalidwe Omwe Anakhazikitsa
Njira yowonjezera ndi njira yotsatanetsatane ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chokhazikitsa , yomwe ndi njira yamfupi yofotokozera lamulo kuti zinthu zomwe zilipo zikutsatila (lamulo lomwe limapangitsa kuti akhale mamembala ena ake) .
Kulemba-kumanga zomangamanga pa chiwerengero cha nambala zachirengedwe kuposa zero ndi:
{x | x ∈ N, x > 0 }
kapena
{x: x ∈ N, x > 0 }
Mu-build-builder, chilembo "x" ndi chosinthika kapena chokhazikika, chomwe chingasinthidwe ndi kalata ina iliyonse.
Anthu achidule
Mapepala achidule omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba-omanga akuphatikizapo:
- Mzere wokhoma kapena koloni ( | kapena : zilembo) - ndi osiyana nawo omwe amawerengedwa monga choncho;
- The lowercase epsilon ( ∈ khalidwe) - amawerengedwa ngati chinthu cha;
- Makhalidwe - amawerengedwa osati chinthu cha.
Choncho, {x | x ∈ N, x > 0 } zikhoza kuwerengedwa monga:
"Chigawo cha onse x , monga x ndi chinthu cha chiwerengero cha masamba achilengedwe ndipo x ndi yaikulu kuposa 0."
Amasintha ndi Venn Diagram
Chithunzi cha Venn - nthawi zina chimatchulidwa ngati chithunzi - chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza ubale pakati pa zinthu za seti zosiyana.
Mu chithunzi pamwambapa, gawo lophatikizana la chithunzi cha Venn likuwonetseratu kudutsa kwa maselo E ndi F (zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zonse ziwiri).
M'munsimu muli mndandanda wa olemba-womanga chizindikiro cha opaleshoni (kumapeto kwa "U" kumatanthawuzira chitetezero):
E ∩ F = {x | x ∈ E , x ∈ F}
Mzere wamakono ndi kalata U mu ngodya ya Venn chithunzi chikuyimira chilengedwe chonse cha zinthu zomwe zikuchitika pa ntchitoyi:
U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12}