Semiconductor Basics
Mwachidule
Zamakono zamakono zimatheka chifukwa cha gulu la zipangizo zotchedwa semiconductors. Zida zonse zogwira ntchito, maulendo ophatikizidwa, microchips, transistors, komanso masensa ambiri amamangidwa ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Ngakhale silicon ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zamadzimadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zamagetsi, magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito monga Germanium, Gallium Arsenide, Silicon Carbide, komanso osocheretsa organic. Nkhani iliyonse imabweretsa phindu linalake monga tebulo / ntchito, chiwombankhanga chachikulu, kutentha kwamtunda, kapena kuyankhidwa kwa chizindikiro.
Semiconductors
Chomwe chimapanga semiconductors kotero ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuti athetse mphamvu zawo zamagetsi ndi khalidwe nthawi yopanga njira. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha zimayendetsedwa powonjezera zochepa zosawonongeka mu semiconductor kupyolera mu ndondomeko yotchedwa doping, ndi zosalala zosiyana ndi zochitika zimapangitsa zotsatira zosiyana. Poletsa doping, njira yomwe magetsi amayenderera kudzera pa semiconductor akhoza kulamulidwa.
Mu conductor, ngati mkuwa, magetsi amanyamula pakalipano ndikukhala ngati wonyamula katundu. Mu maimiponductors onse magetsi ndi 'mabowo,' kusakhala kwa electron, amachita ngati onyamula katundu. Polamulira doping ya semiconductor, conductivity, ndipo wothandizira wothandizira angagwirizane kukhala electron kapena dzenje maziko.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya doping, mtundu wa N, ndi mtundu wa P. N-dopants a mtundu wa N, makamaka phosphorous kapena arsenic, ali ndi magetsi asanu, omwe akawonjezeredwa ku semiconductor amapereka electron yowonjezera. Popeza ma electron ali ndi vuto loipa, chida chamkati choterechi chimatchedwa N-mtundu. P-dopants, monga boron ndi gallium, ali ndi matelo atatu omwe amachititsa kuti asakhale ndi electron mu khungu la semiconductor, pochita bwino kupanga dzenje kapena ndalama zabwino, motero dzina P-mtundu. Zonse za mtundu wa N komanso za P, ngakhale m'kati mwake, zimapangitsa wopanga maulendo kukhala woyendetsa bwino. Komabe, maimitidwe a mtundu wa N ndi a P omwe sali apadera ndi okha, pokhala oyenerera okha. Komabe, mukawagwirizanitsa, kupanga mapangidwe a PN, mumakhala ndi makhalidwe osiyana kwambiri komanso othandiza kwambiri.
PN Junction Diode
Kusiyanitsa kwa PN, mosiyana ndi nkhani iliyonse mosiyana, sikuchita ngati woyendetsa. M'malo molola kuti panopa ziziyenda mu njira iliyonse, gulu la PN limalola kuti pakalipano lipitike m'madera amodzi, kupanga chikhalidwe chofunikira. Kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi pampangidwe wa PN kutsogolo (kutsogolo kutsogolo) kumathandiza ma electron mu dera la mtundu wa N kuphatikiza ndi mabowo m'dera la P. Kuyesera kusinthira kutuluka kwa zotsalira zamakono (kupitiliza kutsutsana) kupyolera mu diode kumalimbikitsa magetsi ndi mabowo omwe amalepheretsa kuti mvula isayenderere kudutsa. Kuphatikiza magulu a PN m'njira zina kumatsegula zitseko kwa zigawo zina za semiconductor, monga transistor.
Zosintha
Pulogalamu yaikulu imapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwa mitundu itatu ya mtundu wa N ndi mtundu wa P kupatulapo ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu diode. Kuphatikiza zipangizozi kumapereka NPN ndi PNP transistors omwe amadziwika kuti bipolar junction transistors kapena BJTs. Pakatikati, kapena m'munsi, dera la BJT limalola kuti transistor akhale ngati chosinthana kapena amplifier.
Ngakhale kuti NPN ndi PNP transistors zingawoneke ngati zigawo ziwiri zobwezeretsedwera mmbuyo, zomwe zingalepheretse zonse zomwe zilipo tsopano kuti zisayenderere mbali iliyonse. Pakati pazitali zimayendera kutsogolo kuti pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono ikuyenda kudutsa pakati pa malo osanjikiza, katundu wa diode wopangidwa ndi kusintha kwa pakati pa malo osungira kuti pulogalamu yayikulu yambiri ikuyenderere pa chipangizo chonsecho. Khalidwe limeneli limapatsa transistor mphamvu yakulimbitsa mphepo yaying'ono ndikusintha kapena kutseka chitsimikizo.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya transistors ndi zipangizo zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizapo magulu a PN m'njira zingapo, kuchokera patsogolo, ntchito yapadera yopangira ma diode. Zotsatirazi ndi zochepa zokhazokha zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu osankhidwa a PN.
- DIAC
- Mayi a laser
- Mdima wonyezimira (LED)
- Zener diode
- Darlington transistor
- Mtsinje-effect transistor, kuphatikizapo MOSFETs
- IGBT transistor
- Silicon yolamulidwa kukonzanso (SCR)
- Dera lophatikizana (IC)
- Microprocessor
- Memory Memory - RAM ndi ROM
Zizindikiro
Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe omwe amachititsa kuti semiconductors avomereze, iwo alinso ndi katundu omwe amapanga zithunzithunzi zothandiza. Zitha kupangidwa kuti zisamalire kusintha kwa kutentha, kupanikizika, ndi kuwala. Kusintha kwa kukana ndi mtundu wowonjezereka wa mayankhidwe pa selo yothandizira. Mitundu yochepa ya masensa omwe amatha kupangidwa ndi katundu wa semiconductor amalembedwa pansipa.
- Sensitive effect effect (magnetic field sensor)
- Thermistor (yotetezera mphamvu yotsegula)
- CCD / CMOS (chithunzi chojambula)
- Photodiode (mphamvu yotsegula)
- Photoresistor
- Zozizira (kupanikizika / kupweteka kwa magetsi)