Phunziro 1
Kuti mukhale otetezeka bwino makompyuta anu apakhomo kapena makompyuta a kunyumba zimakuthandizani ngati muli ndi chidziwitso chachikulu cha momwe izo zimagwirira ntchito kotero kuti muzindikire chomwe mukusunga ndi chifukwa chake. Ichi chidzakhala choyamba mu mndandanda wa magawo khumi kuti muthandize kupereka mwachidule malemba ndi telojiya yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zina, ndondomeko, zipangizo ndi njira zomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kuti muteteze kompyuta yanu.
Choyamba, ndikufuna kumvetsetsa kuti mawuwa ndi ati kuti pamene muwerenga za code yamakono yomwe ikufalikira pa intaneti ndi momwe ingalowerere ndikugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta anu mudzatha kudziwa momwe mawuwa akuyendera ndikudziwitsani ngati izi zimakhudza inu kapena kompyuta yanu ndi zomwe mungathe kapena muyenera kuziletsa. Kwa Gawo 1 la mndandandawu tidzakambirana Hosts, DNS, ISPs ndi Backbone.
Mawu ogwira ntchito angasokoneze chifukwa ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri mu kompyuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kompyuta kapena seva yomwe imapereka masamba a pa intaneti. M'nkhaniyi imati makompyuta akugwira webusaitiyi. Wogwiritsira ntchito amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kufotokoza makampani omwe amalola anthu kugawana nawo ma hardware awo ndi intaneti kuti agawane izi monga utumiki m'malo mwa kampani iliyonse kapena munthu aliyense kugula zipangizo zawo zonse.
Wogwira ntchito pa makompyuta pa intaneti amatchulidwa ngati makompyuta aliwonse omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamoyo ndi intaneti. Makompyuta onse pa intaneti ndi anzawo kwa wina ndi mnzake. Iwo onse akhoza kuchita monga seva kapena ngati makasitomala. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pa kompyuta yanu mosavuta momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito makompyuta anu kuti muwone mawebusayiti kuchokera kumakompyuta ena. Intaneti sizongopeka chabe ndi gulu lonse la makamu omwe amalankhulana mobwerezabwereza. Kuyang'ana motere, makompyuta onse, kapena makamu, pa intaneti ali ofanana.
Mnyamata aliyense ali ndi adiresi yapadera yofanana ndi njira yolumikizira msewu. Izo sizigwira ntchito kuti tithe kulemba kalata kwa Joe Smith. Muyeneranso kupereka adiresi - mwachitsanzo 1234 Main Street. Komabe, pakhoza kukhala zoposa 1234 Main Street padziko lapansi, kotero muyeneranso kupereka mudzi- Anytown. Mwinamwake pali Joe Smith pa 1234 Main Street ku Anytown m'mayiko ambiri - kotero muyenera kuwonjezera pa adiresiyo. Mwanjira iyi, ma positi angagwiritse ntchito kumbuyo kuti atumize makalata kuti apite kumene akupita. Choyamba iwo amakafika ku boma labwino, kenako kumzinda weniweni, kenako kupita kwa munthu woyenera kubwerera ku 1234 Main Street ndipo potsirizira pake ndi Joe Smith.
Pa intaneti, izi zimatchedwa adilesi yanu ya IP (Internet protocol). Adilesi ya IP imapangidwa ndi zigawo zinayi za nambala zitatu pakati pa 0 ndi 255. Mipandanda yosiyana ya ma adresse a IP ali ndi makampani osiyanasiyana kapena ISPs (opereka ma intaneti). Mwa kuzindikiritsa adilesi ya IP ikhoza kutumizidwa kumalo oyenera. Choyamba zimapita kwa mwini wa maadiresi osiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kujambulidwa ku adiresi yake yomwe akufuna.
Ndikhoza kutcha kompyuta yanga Computer, koma palibe njira yoti ndidziwe anthu angapo omwe amachitcha kompyuta yawo kompyuta yanga kuti isagwire ntchito kuyesa kutumiza mauthenga ku kompyuta yanga kusiyana ndi kulemba kalata kwa Joe Smith basi adzalandire bwino. Ndi mamiliyoni a makamu pa intaneti ndizosatheka kuti ogwiritsa ntchito kukumbukira maadiresi a webusaiti iliyonse kapena omwe akufunira kuti azilankhulana nawo, komabe dongosolo linalengedwa kuti alola ogwiritsa ntchito malowa pogwiritsa ntchito mayina omwe ali ovuta kukumbukira.
Intaneti imagwiritsa ntchito DNS (dzina lachinsinsi) kutanthauzira dzina ku IP yeniyeni yake yoyendetsera bwino mauthenga. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kungolowetsa yahoo.com mu msakatuli wanu. Zomwezo zimatumizidwa ku seva ya DNS yomwe imayang'ana malo ake osungiramo deta ndikumasulira adiresi ku 64.58.79.230 zomwe makompyuta amatha kumvetsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuti alankhulane ndi malo omwe akufuna.
Ma seva a DNS amwazikana pa intaneti m'malo mokhala ndi imodzi, central database. Izi zimateteza kuteteza intaneti mwa kusapereka chinthu chimodzi cholephera chomwe chingathetse chilichonse. Zimathandizanso kufulumizitsa ntchito ndi kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe ikufunika kutanthauzira mayina powagawira ntchito pakati pa ma seva ambiri ndikuyika ma seva awo kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Mwa njira iyi, mumapeza maadiresi anu otembenuzidwa pa seva ya DNS m'makilomita a malo omwe mumagawana ndi masewera ochepa okha m'malo moyankhulana ndi seva yapakati theka la njira padziko lonse lapansi zomwe mamiliyoni ambiri akuyesera kuzigwiritsa ntchito.
Wopereka Wachipangizo Wanu wa Internet (ISP) ali ndi ma seva awo a DNS. Malingana ndi kukula kwa ISP angakhale ndi seva limodzi la DNS ndipo akhoza kufalikira kuzungulira dziko lonse komanso zifukwa zomwezo zatchulidwa pamwambapa. An ISP ali ndi zipangizo ndipo ali ndi ngongole kapena maulendo olankhulana ndi mafoni oyenerera kuti akhalepo pa intaneti. Komanso, amapereka mwayi wopezera zipangizo zawo ndi ma telecommunication kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
ISP zazikuluzikulu zili ndi makina akuluakulu a intaneti omwe amatchedwa msana. Yerekezerani momwe njira ya msana imayenderera mumsana mwanu ndipo imakhala ngati pipeline yapakati yolumikiza dongosolo lanu la mitsempha. Ndondomeko yanu ya mitsempha imayambira njira zing'onozing'ono mpaka izi zimakhala zofanana ndi momwe Intaneti ikuyankhulira nthambi kuchokera kumsana kwa nsanganizo zazing'ono za ISPs ndipo potsirizira pake kwa munthu aliyense payekha.
Ngati chinachake chimachitika kwa makampani omwe amapereka mauthenga osonkhanitsira magulu omwe amapanga msana angakhudze mbali zazikulu za intaneti chifukwa ambiri aang'ono omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV omwe amagwiritsa ntchito gawolo la msana adzakhudzidwa.
Mawu oyambawa akuyenera kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa bwino momwe Intaneti ikuyendera ndi operekera kumbuyo omwe amapereka mauthenga othandizira mauthenga kwa ISPs omwe amapereka mwayi wopeza munthu aliyense payekha omwe akugwiritsa ntchito monga iwe mwini. Izi ziyenera kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa momwe kompyuta yanu ikugwirizanirana ndi mamiliyoni a makamu ena pa intaneti ndi momwe DNS ikugwiritsidwira ntchito kumasulira maina a Chingerezi kumalo omwe angatumizedwe kumalo awo abwino. M'chigawo chotsatira tidzakambirana TCPIP , DHCP , NAT ndi mafilimu ena osangalatsa a intaneti.