Subnet Masks ndi Subnetting
A subnet amalola kuthamanga kwa magetsi pamtunda pakati pa makamu kuti apatulidwe pogwiritsa ntchito makonzedwe a makanema. Mwa makamu okonzekera kukhala magulu olingalira, subnetting ikhoza kusintha chitetezo cha intaneti ndi ntchito.
Subnet Mask
Mwina chinthu chodziwika kwambiri cha subnetting ndi subnet mask . Monga ma intaneti , subnet mask imakhala ndi mabotolo anai (32 bits) ndipo nthawi zambiri imalembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito "dotted-decimal".
Mwachitsanzo, tsamba lodziwika kwambiri la subnet mask muimidwe lake lachiwiri :
- 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Kodi kawirikawiri imawonetsedwa muyeso yofanana, yosawoneka bwino:
- 255.255.255.0
Kugwiritsa ntchito Subnet Mask
Kapepala kakang'ono kameneka kamangokhala ngati adesi ya IP kapena sikhala pawokha. M'malo mwake, masenki a subnet amatsagana ndi adiresi ya IP ndipo zikhalidwe ziwiri zimagwirira ntchito limodzi. Kugwiritsira ntchito subnet mask ku adilesi ya IP akugawani adiresi mu magawo awiri, adresi yowonjezeretsa ndi adiresi ya alendo.
Kuti makina a subnet akhale ovomerezeka, mabedi ake akumanzere ayenera kukhazikitsidwa ku '1'. Mwachitsanzo:
- 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
Ndiloweta subnet mask chifukwa chotsalira chaching'ono chimaikidwa ku '0'.
Mosiyana ndi izi, mabotolo abwino kwambiri pa subnet mask ayenera kukhazikitsidwa ku '0', osati '1'. Choncho:
- 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111
Ndilosavomerezeka.
Zonsezi zimakhala ndi magawo awiri: mbali ya kumanzere ndi mabotolo onse omwe amaikidwa kuti '1' (yotambasulidwa gawo) ndipo mbali yowongoka ndi mabedi onse omwe amaikidwa ku '0' (gawo la alendo), monga chitsanzo choyamba pamwambapa .
Kusungiritsa pansi pazochita
Subnetting amagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ma intaneti owonjezera pa makompyuta (ndi makina ena apakompyuta). Adilesi yowonjezera yowonjezera imaphatikizapo onse adiresi ya makanema ndi zina zowonjezera zomwe zikuimira nambala ya subnet . Zonsezi, zigawo ziwirizi zimathandiza pulogalamu yamakalata awiri ovomerezeka omwe amazindikiritsidwa ndi machitidwe a IP.
Adiresi ya makanema ndi nambala ya subnet, pokhala ndi adiresi yolandiridwa , imathandizira dongosolo lamasitepe atatu.
Taganizirani chitsanzo chotsatira chenichenicho. Ndondomeko yaing'ono yamakampani yogwiritsira ntchito makina 192.168.1.0 kwa makamu ake amkati ( intranet ). Dipatimenti yothandiza anthu ikufuna makompyuta awo kuti akhale mbali yochepa chabe ya seweroli chifukwa amasungira uthenga wa malipiro ndi deta zina zovuta. Koma chifukwa uwu ndi intaneti ya m'kalasi ya C, malo osasinthika a masamba a 255.255.255.0 amalola makompyuta onse pa intaneti kukhala anzanu (kutumiza mauthenga mwachindunji kwa wina ndi mzake) mwachindunji.
Mipando inayi yoyamba ya 192.168.1.0 -
1100
Ikani makanemawa mumtundu wa C ndipo kambiranani kutalika kwa adiresi ya makanema pa bits 24. Kuti mutumize makanemawa, makina oposa 24 ayenera kuikidwa pa '1' kumanzere kwa subnet mask. Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha 25-bit 255.255.255.128 chimapanga magulu awiri a subnet monga momwe taonera pa Table 1.
Kwa chidutswa china chilichonse chokhazikika pa '1' mu chigoba, chidutswa chinanso chikupezeka mu subnet nambala kuti lilembere zina zosungirako. Nambala ya subnet yaying'ono imatha kuthandizira mpaka pazinthu zinayi, ma nambala atatu amathandizira mpaka mausiti asanu ndi atatu, ndi zina zotero.
Zomwe Zinachitika M'mabuku ndi Makanema
Monga tanenera kale mu phunziroli, mabungwe olamulira amene amachititsa Internet Protocol akusunga ma intaneti kuti azigwiritsa ntchito.
Kawirikawiri, intranets pogwiritsa ntchito mawebusaitiwa zimakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera kuyang'anira kasamalidwe ka IP ndi intaneti. Fufuzani RFC 1918 kuti mudziwe zambiri za machitidwewa apadera.
Chidule
Subnetting imalola olamulira azinthu kukhala osinthasintha pofotokozera maubwenzi pakati pa makasitomala. Anthu ogwira ntchito pazinthu zosiyana zimatha kungolankhulana kudzera pa zipangizo zamakono zotseguka zogwiritsira ntchito maulendo ngati ma routers . Kukwanitsa kusokoneza magalimoto pakati pa ma subnets kungapangitse zowonjezereka zowonjezera zopezeka kuzinthu zothandizira ndipo zingathe kuchepetsa kupeza njira m'njira zabwino.