Tsambali likuphatikizapo mawu ndi ziganizo zachinsinsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mitundu yonse. Siphatikizepo mawu enieni kwa machitidwe kapena mazenera ena.
ACID
Mchitidwe wa ACID wa masanjidwe a ma database umapangitsa kuti chidziwitso cha deta chikhale cholimba chifukwa cha atomu , kusasinthasintha , kudzipatula, ndi kukhazikika:
- Atomicity: Msonkho uliwonse wamasitolo uyenera kutsata malamulo onse-kapena opanda kanthu, kutanthauza kuti ngati mbali iliyonse ya msonkho ikulephera, ntchito yonseyo ikulephera.
- Chiyanjano : Msonkho uliwonse wazamasamba uyenera kutsata malamulo onse ofotokoza; Kuchita kulikonse komwe kungaphwanya malamulowa sikuloledwa.
- Kusungulumwa : Msonkho uliwonse wachinsinsi udzachitika popanda ntchito ina iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zokopa zambiri zimatumizidwa panthawi imodzi, deta idzaletsa kusokoneza kulikonse pakati pawo.
- Zosasintha : Msonkho uliwonse wachinsinsi udzapezeka kosatha kumalo osungirako magulu, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zina kapena njira zina.
Ikani
Chidziwitso chachinsinsi ndicho chikhalidwe cha deta. Mwachidule, chidziwitso ndilo gawo mu tebulo lachinsinsi, lomwe limadziwika ngati gulu.
Kutsimikizika
Mazenera amagwiritsira ntchito kutsimikiziridwa kuti atsimikizire kuti ogwiritsa ntchito okhawo ovomerezeka angathe kupeza ma database kapena mbali zina za deta. Mwachitsanzo, olamulira angaloledwe kulowetsa kapena kusintha deta, pamene ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse akhoza kuwona deta. Kutsimikiziridwa kumayendetsedwa ndi maina a usern ndi ma passwords.
BASE Model
Njira ya BASE yakhazikitsidwa ngati njira yotsatizira ya ACID chitsanzo kuti zithandize zosowa za SQL zomwe detayi silingakonzedwe mofanana ndi zomwe zidalembedwa. Mfundo zake zazikulu ndi Kupezeka Kwambiri, State Soft, ndi Eventual Consistency:
- Kupezeka Kwambiri : Mndandanda wa deta ulipo ndipo umagwira ntchito, wothandizidwa nthawizina ndi kubwereza deta kumagawidwa m'masevi angapo.
- State Soft : Kuwongolera chitsanzo cha ACID chosasinthasintha, tenet iyi imati nthawi zonse deta siziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi kuti kulimbikitsana kulikonse ndi udindo wa munthu aliyense wachinsinsi kapena wogwirizira.
- Kusagwirizana Kwachikhalire : Pazifukwa zosadziwika, tsogolo lamtsogolo, databata lidzakwaniritsidwa mosalekeza.
Zovuta
Mndandanda wachinsinsi ndi malamulo omwe amafotokoza deta yolondola. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zovuta. Zovuta zoyipa ndizo:
- Zovuta zapadera : Munda uyenera kukhala ndi phindu lapadera patebulo.
- ZINTHU ZOYENERA KUCHITA : Munda ungakhale ndi mitundu yeniyeni ya deta komanso zina zotheka.
- ZOKHUDZA ZOKHUDZA : Munda uli ndi mtengo wosasintha ngati ulibe phindu; izi zimathetsa mtengo wa NULL.
- ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI ZA PRIMARY : Chinsinsi chachikulu chiyenera kukhala chosiyana.
- ZINTHU ZOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI : Chinsinsi chachilendo chiyenera kufanana ndi makiyi apamwamba omwe alipo patebulo lina.
Dongosolo la Machitidwe a Databases (DBMS)
DBMS ndi mapulogalamu omwe amayendetsa mbali zonse zogwira ntchito ndi database, kuchokera kusunga ndikusunga deta kuti akwaniritse malamulo a umphumphu, kuti apereke mawonekedwe olowera deta ndi kusokoneza. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) imagwiritsa ntchito matebulo oyanjana ndi maubwenzi pakati pawo.
Chigawo
Chigwirizano ndi chabe tebulo mu deta. Ikulongosola ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito Chigwirizano-Chiyanjano, chomwe ndi mtundu wa chithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsera ubale pakati pa matebulo a deta.
Ntchito yogwira ntchito
Kuthandizira kuti anthu azidalira kwambiri ntchito , kumakhalapo pamene chidziwitso chimodzi chimapanga mtengo wa wina, wotchedwa A -> B zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wa A umatsimikizira kufunika kwa B, kapena kuti B ndi "wogwira ntchito" pa A Mwachitsanzo, tebulo ku yunivesite yomwe ili ndi malemba a ophunzira onse angakhale ndi chikhulupiliro chogwira ntchito pakati pa chidziwitso cha wophunzira ndi dzina la wophunzira, mwachitsanzo, wophunzira Wophunzira yekhayo amadziwa kufunika kwa dzina.
Zotsatira
Mndandanda ndi chidziwitso cha deta chomwe chimathandiza mafunso othamanga pamasamba pazipangizo zazikulu. Otsatsa malonda amapanga ndondomeko pazitsulo zinazake patebulo. Mndandandawo umakhala ndi mfundo zamtengo wapatali koma umangowonjezera ku deta lonse, ndipo ikhoza kufufuzidwa bwino komanso mofulumira.
Mphindi
Chifungulo ndi malo osungirako ma database omwe cholinga chawo ndikutchula mbiri yapadera. Thandizo lamakono likhazikitse kukhulupirika kwa deta ndikupewa kuphatikiza. Mitundu yayikulu ya makiyi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu database ndi otsogolera mafungulo, mafungulo oyambirira achilendo.
- Otsatira mafungulo : Mndandanda wa zipilala zomwe zingathe kudziwika kuti ndizolembedwa bwanji komanso kuti chinsinsi choyamba chimasankhidwa.
- Mafungulo oyambirira : Mfungulo wosankhidwa kuti udziwe yekha mbiri mu tebulo. Chinsinsi ichi sichikhoza kukhala NULL.
- Zowona zachilendo : Chinsinsi chogwirizanitsa zolembera ku kafukufuku wina. Makiyi a kunja kwa tebulo ayenera kukhalapo monga chinsinsi chachikulu cha tebulo lina.
Kusintha
Kuonetsetsa kuti mndandanda wazithunzi ndikulumikiza matebulo ake (maubwenzi) ndi zigawo (makhalidwe) kuti muwonetsetse kukhulupirika kwa deta komanso kupewa kubwereza. Zomwe zimayambira pachikhalidwe ndizoyamba zolembera (1NF), Fomu Yachiwiri Yachiwiri (2NF), Fomu Yachiwiri Yachiwiri (3NF) ndi Boyce-Codd Fomu Yomweyi (BCNF).
NoSQL
NoSQL ndi chitsanzo chachinsinsi chomwe chinakonzedwa kuti chikuthandizeni kusunga chidziwitso chosasinthidwa monga maimelo, zofalitsa zamagulu, mavidiyo kapena zithunzi. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito SQL ndi ndondomeko yolimba ya ACID kuti muwonetsetse kukhulupirika kwa deta, NoSQL imatsatira chitsanzo cha BASE chochepa. NoSQL database schema sagwiritsa ntchito matebulo kusunga deta; M'malo mwake, lingagwiritse ntchito chifungulo / mtengo wapangidwe kapena ma grafu.
Null
Phindu la NULL limasokonezedwa nthawi zambiri kuti lizitanthauza "palibe" kapena zero; Komabe, kwenikweni limatanthauza "osadziwika." Ngati munda uli ndi mtengo wa NULL, ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito mtengo wosadziwika. Language Structured Query (SQL) imagwiritsa ntchito OPERIKI A NULL NDIPO OSATI NULL kuti ayese zokhudzana ndi makhalidwe.
Kufufuza
Funso lachinsinsi ndi momwe abasebenzisi amagwirizanirana ndi database. Nthawi zambiri imalembedwa mu SQL ndipo ikhoza kukhala yankho la kusankha kapena funso lochita . Deta yofunsira mafunso okhudzana kuchokera ku database; Kusintha kwa funso lakusintha, kusintha kapena kuwonjezera deta. Zina mwazinthu zimapereka mafomu omwe amabisa masantics a funsolo, kulola ogwiritsa ntchito mosavuta kufunsa zambiri popanda kumvetsetsa SQL.
Schema
Mndandanda wachinsinsi ndi mapangidwe a matebulo, zigawo, maubwenzi, ndi zovuta zomwe zimapanga database. Masewera amafotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a SQL CREATE.
Njira Yosungidwa
Ndondomeko yosungidwa ndi funso lokonzedweratu, kapena SQL mawu omwe angathe kugawa pulogalamu yambiri ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mu Database Management System. Ndondomeko yosungidwa imapangidwira bwino, kuthandizira kulimbikitsa deta komanso kukulitsa zokolola.
Chilankhulo Chokhazikika Chokha
Chilankhulo Chofuna Kukonzedwa , kapena SQL, ndilo chinenero chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti mupeze deta kuchokera ku database. Chilankhulo Chogwiritsira Ntchito (DML) chili ndi gawo la SQL lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndipo limaphatikizapo SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ndi DELETE.
Sakanizani
Chotsatira ndi ndondomeko yosungidwa yomwe imayikidwa kuti ipange zomwe wapatsidwa, nthawi zambiri kusintha ku data ya tebulo. Mwachitsanzo, chikhochi chingapangidwe kulembera ku logi, kusonkhanitsa ziwerengero kapena kuwerengera mtengo.
Onani
Mawonedwe achinsinsi ndideta yosankhidwa ya deta yosonyezedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito yomaliza kuti abise chidziwitso cha deta ndikugwirizanitsa chidziwitso cha wosuta. Mawonedwe angagwirizane ndi deta kuchokera pa matebulo awiri kapena angapo ndipo ali ndi gawo lachinsinsi.