Kodi Lalembedwa Kuti?
Nzika za ku United States zimapatsidwa ufulu wambiri. Ufulu umenewu unasintha ndipo unapangidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo wawonjezeredwa ku mbiri yosatha ngati kusintha kwa malamulo a United States.
Monga zikuyimira pakali pano, pali chiwerengero cha zokonzanso 27. Ambiri mwa iwo amatsutsana monga chithunzi cha 21 chomwe chikutsutsa kusamutsidwa kwachisanu ndi chitatu choletsera kupanga, kugulitsa kapena kutumiza zakumwa zoledzeretsa.
Nzika zambiri za ku United States mwina sadziwa zomwe zalembedwera kusintha. Angakhale atakumbukira nthawi yaitali kuti apite ku sukulu yapamwamba kapena boma la chikhalidwe, koma detayo yakhala ikuyeretsedwa kuti ipeze malo ofunika kwambiri. Ambiri Ambiri mwina sakudziwa kuti sizinali zovomerezeka kuti boma la United States lipeze msonkho wa msonkho kufikira atapereka chisinthiko cha 16 kapena kuti munthu angakhale Pulezidenti nthawi zonse mpaka malire awiri atayikidwa ndi kusintha kwa 20.
Osati kuponyera miyala, ine sindingakhoze kukuuzani inu chomwe ambiri awo ali. Anthu ambiri amadziwa "kutenga chachisanu" chomwe chimatanthauza kugwiritsira ntchito chisanu chachisanu kuti "asamangidwe mlandu uliwonse kuti akhale mboni payekha". Zosinthidwa monga ndondomeko yoyamba yomwe imatanthawuza kupatukana kwa tchalitchi ndi boma, kusintha kwachiwiri kokhala ndi zida, kapena kusintha kwachinayi kukutetezani kufunafuna molakwika ndi kulanda katundu wanu ndizodziwika bwino ndipo zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri m'ma TV pochirikiza zifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Nditawerenga zojambulazo pa webusaiti ya Findlaw.com, sindinapeze kusintha kulikonse kumene kumateteza ufulu waumidzi wa United States. Kusinthidwa kwachisanu ndi chiwiri kumatchulidwa ngati kusintha komwe kumateteza zomwe Justice Louis Brandeis adatcha "ufulu wosiyidwa yekha", koma powerenga izo zikuwoneka kuti kutanthauzira kokwanira kumayenera kuloledwa kuti abwere kumapeto kuti imatetezera zinsinsi zathu. Kusintha kwa 1, 4 ndi 5 kumatchulidwanso pamakambirano okhudza ufulu wachinsinsi.
Inde, ndondomeko yachisanu ndi chiwiri yothandizira ufulu kwa munthu aliyense payekha mphamvu iliyonse yopatsidwa ku United States Congress kapena yoletsedwa mwalamulo la United States. Kotero, pakhoza kukhala zabwino zomwe zimatetezera zachinsinsi mu malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma. Palinso malemba ndi maulamuliro ochuluka pazigawo za federal komanso za boma zomwe zimakhala zochepa pambali pa ufulu wachinsinsi.
Mwamwayi, chinsinsi, ndi chitetezo cha zowona kapena zaumwini, zikuwoneka kuti ndizovomerezeka pa malonda ndi mafakitale. Chigamulo chaumwini cha 1974 chimalepheretsa kufotokoza kosaloleka kwa chidziwitso chaumwini chochitidwa ndi boma la federal. Fair Credit Reporting Act imateteza mfundo zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi mabungwe olemba ngongole. Bungwe la Children's Online Protection Act limapatsa makolo udindo pazomwe akudziwa zokhudza ana awo (zaka 13 ndi pansi) akhoza kusonkhanitsidwa ndi intaneti.
Ponena za kupeza ma kompyuta kapena deta, Sarbanes-Oxley Act, HIPAA ndi GLBA zonse zimakhala ndi chitsimikizo cha ufulu wa munthu kuti asakhale ndi chidziwitso chaumwini kapena chinsinsi. Malamulo awa amavomereza kuti makampani azitenga njira zowonetsetsa kuti deta yawo ndi yotetezeka ndipo imapereka malipiro ndi zilango pa makampani omwe alephera kuchita zimenezo.
SB-1386 ya California ikuika udindo pa makampani omwe akugwira ntchito mu chikhalidwe chimenecho kuti adziwe makasitomala pamene deta yawo yadziwululidwa kapena yanyengerera mwanjira iliyonse. Ngati sizinali zalamulo la California, zomwe zakhala zikuchitika posachedwa ku ChoicePoint sizikanatha kuululidwa.
Pamene zipangizo zamakono zimayambira ndikupanga zatsopano zatsopano zomwe zimapangitsa kuti moyo ukhale wosalira zambiri, wogwira ntchito bwino kapena wophweka, madalitso amenewa nthawi zambiri amadza ndi malonda ena.
Ndikaitana kuti ndikapange pizza, ndimafunsidwa nambala yanga ya foni. Ndikhoza kukana kufotokozera ena ngati ndikuona kuti si bizinesi yawo ndipo ndimafuna kuteteza mauthengawa. Koma, pogawana nambala yanga ya foni ndi malo a pizza, amatha kufika ku adilesi yanga pang'onopang'ono ndi diso kuti adziwe komwe angapereke pizza popanda kuwatchula nthawi iliyonse. Malo ena a pizza ndi ovuta kwambiri kuti azindikire zomwe ndalamula kotero kuti ndingathe kulamula mwachizolowezi popanda kufotokoza ndondomeko ya dongosolo nthawi iliyonse yomwe ndikuitanira.
Ndikapita ku webusaiti ya Amazon.com, ndikulandiridwa ndi tsamba la kunyumba lomwe limati Hello, Tony Bradley ndi tabu pamwamba pa chinsalu chotchedwa Tonys Store yomwe imasonyeza zinthu zomwe ndasonyeza chidwi kapena zinthu zina zomwe Amazon amalimbikitsa kuti ndiyang'ane pogwiritsa ntchito zizolowezi zanga zogula komanso zomwe ndikuzikonda.
Koma, ubwino uwu ndi luso laumisiri kumatanthauza kusokoneza chinsinsi changa osachepera pang'ono. Ngati ndikufuna kupatula nthawi ndi pizza yolamulira, malo a pizza ayenera kusunga dzina langa, nambala ya foni ndi adiresi ya kunyumba, mwinamwake ngakhale mbiri yanga yolamulira, mu deta kwinakwake. Kuti ndilandire mankhwala anga a Amazon.com ndi mankhwala omwe ndimakonda ndikuyenera kuti ndipatse Amazon.com kusunga zambiri zaumwini kuphatikizapo zida zanga zogula ndi zinthu zomwe ndakhala ndikuzifufuza m'mbuyomu, komanso kuwalola kuti aziikapoke kompyuta yomwe imadziwika kuti ndine ndani kwa maseva awo.
Pochita zimenezi, ndikukhulupirira kuti makampani amene ndimasankha kuchita bizinesi ndi kugawana nawo zomwe ndikudziwiratu ndikugwira ntchitoyi ndi mlingo woyenera wa chitetezo ndi chitetezo. Ndikudalira kuti amatha kutembenuka ndi kugulitsa deta yanga ku ofesi yamalonda yogulitsa mankhwala osungirako mankhwala kapena kuisunga mu fayilo yolembera pamakompyuta osatetezeka omwe aliyense angathe kupeza pa intaneti. Ngati simukudalira zolinga kapena maluso a kampani yomwe mukugwira nawo ntchito, muyenera kuganizira mozama za kugaŵana kwanu.
Zili zolembedwa mwachindunji kapena zogwirizana ndi malamulo, malamulo ndi zochitika-kuika malamulo, zikuwoneka kuti anthu amavomereza kuti pali ufulu wachinsinsi komanso kuti boma ndi lamulo likuyenera kutichitiranso ife kuti tiwatsimikize. Ngakhale kuti Ambiri ambiri sangathe kufotokozera kusintha kwa malamulowa, ndipo sangadziwe zambiri zokhudza lamulo lokhalokha, palinso kukhulupirira kwakukulu kwa anthu ambiri kuti boma lidzagwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo a dzikoli komanso kuti zonse zomwe kuti titeteze ufulu umene tapatsidwa ndi lamulo ladziko, ngakhale ngati sitikudziwa zomwe iwo ali.
Tsoka ilo, chitetezo ndi chinsinsi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsutsana. Kuti mupereke chitetezo chabwino, mabungwe othandizira malamulo angathe kusunga mbiri ya nzika iliyonse ndi kufufuza nthawi zonse ndikuyang'anira kusamuka kwanu. Pochita zimenezo, angakhale akuba, magulu a zigawenga, kapena anyamata ena oipa akhoza kulepheretsedwa asanamenyane kapena kuti apeze mosavuta. Inde, monga nzika, sitikufunitsitsa kupereka chitetezo cha onse kuti chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu omwe ali oipa chigwire.
M'malo mwake, dziko lathu lakhala ndi malonda osiyanasiyana omwe amaoneka ngati ololera kuti alolere kukhala paokha paokha komanso akuthandizira kuti azitsatira anthu oipa. Kukonzekera kwachinayi kwa malamulo kumateteza anthu kuti asamalowe mwalamulo ndi kulanda katundu wawo, koma amaperekanso malamulo oyenerera kuti apeze chilolezo chofufuza ngati pali umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti pali chifukwa chowonekera kuti wina akuchita cholakwika.
Komabe, pambuyo pa kuukira kwauchigawenga pa September 11, 2001, USA-PATRIOT Act imachotsa zambiri zotetezedwa mwa chidwi cha chitetezo cha dziko. Pogwedezeka ndi mantha, anthu adalandira PATRIOT Act ngati zofunikira popanda kusiya kulingalira za momwe zingakhalire ndi anthu omvera malamulo kapena ngati ufulu wawo womwe adawagonjetsa ungakhale wopangitsa mtundu wochulukirapo. Mwachidziwikiratu, boma kapena lamulo la malamulo likhoza kungotchula munthu wokondweretsedwa ndipo ufulu wa Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lapansi ulibe kanthu. Kusintha kwapangidwa kuti kuchepetse tepi yofiira yofunikira kuti lamulo liyambe kuyendetsa matepi kapena fufuzani munthu wokayikirayo ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi akhoza kutsekeredwa kosatha popanda kuimbidwa mlandu popanda phindu la uphungu.
Boma likufuna kuteteza zinsinsi zanu, koma zokhudzana ndi makampani ena kapena anthu ena. Kawirikawiri, iwo angasankhe kukhala ndi mbiri yanu yonse ndikusunga luso lofikira mbali iliyonse ya moyo wanu kapena deta yanu yomwe ikuyenerera.
NSA (National Security Agency) ndi boma la United States zinayesedwa kwambiri ndipo zinawopseza kuimbidwa mlandu ndi Phil Zimmerman ndi chiwembu pamene adalumikiza dongosolo la PGP ndikuloleza kuti lizitumizidwa kunja kwa intaneti kudzera pa intaneti. Iwo anali okhumudwa makamaka chifukwa iwo sankakhoza kutseketsa chikhomocho ndipo iwo sanafune kuti anthu athe kufotokozera zinthu bwino kwambiri kuti boma lawolo silingakhoze kulipeza ilo. Pakhala pali ngongole zomwe zatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza zaka khumi zapitazi ndikuyesa kubwezera chitseko chachinsinsi chomwe chimapatsa boma mphamvu yoposa yodzitetezera mu kompyuta kapena software.
Mmodzi mwa dziko lino Abambo okhazikitsidwa ndi chitsimikizo chonse cha nzeru, Benjamin Franklin, akutchulidwa kuti adanena kuti iwo omwe angasiye ufulu wofunikira kwa chitetezo cha kanthawi, sayenera ufulu kapena chitetezo.
Vuto ndiloti, kamodzi mzere ukatengedwa, sizimachotsedwa konse. Mzerewo ukhoza kusunthidwa kumanzere kapena kumanja malingana ndi zovuta za anthu kapena omwe chipani chachikulu chili, koma ngozi ndi kulola kuti mzere ukambe poyamba. Misonkho ya ku United States, yomwe inayamba ngati njira yanyengo yosonkhanitsira ndalama zothandizira nkhondo, imatha zaka zoposa zana kenako idawongolera mabizinesi awo okhaokha, mabuku, mapulogalamu, ndi mautumiki .
PATRIOT Act inakhazikitsidwa ngati muyeso wa kanthaŵi kochepa, koma pafupifupi mwamsanga pamene kupititsa patsogolo kukuyambanso kukonza nthawi yothetsera zina mwazokha kapena kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo osatha. Tsopano kuti mphamvuyo yapatsidwa, ndizovuta kubwereranso. Mwachidziŵikire, ngati ndinu wokonda, wokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, kuchotseratu ufulu wofunikira woperekedwa ndi PATRIOT Act sayenera kukukhudzani. Koma, ndani anganene yemwe amasankha zomwe zimakupangitsani kukhala ndi makhalidwe abwino kapena opambana? Mutha kukhala kumbali yoyenera ya mzere tsopano, koma chimachitika ndi chiyani pamene mzere ukasunthika ndipo mwadzidzidzi mumapezeka munthu wokondweretsedwa?
Potsirizira pake, ndi kwa inu kusankha chisankho chomwe chimakuchitirani inu. Kodi ndiwe wochuluka bwanji wololera kuchita malonda kuti mugwiritse ntchito mosavuta komanso wogula? Kodi ndinu okonzeka kudzipatulira ndi chiyembekezo chotani kuti bungwe lidzatetezedwa ndikuteteza dzikoli?
Simson Garfinkel, m'buku lake la Database Nation , akulongosola momwe zipangizo zamakono zasinthira mpaka pamene pafupifupi chirichonse chiri ndi tanthawuzo ndi kuphatikiza deta yosaoneka ngati yosawonetsa ikhoza kupereka chithunzi chabwino cha moyo wina. Ku Beyond Fear , Bruce Schneier akuyang'ana mozama za tradeoffs pakati pa chitetezo ndi ufulu ndikuwonetsa momwe chitetezo chimakhala masewera a utsi ndi magalasi kuti athetse mantha omwe akuwona pamene zoopsa zenizeni zatsala zosatetezedwa.
Ndikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge mabuku omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa komanso nthano ya Tsatanetsatane wa Pakhomo ndi Marcus Ranum. Palinso zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku bungwe losafuna kupeza phindu komanso londomeko.
Mungasankhe kusagawana zambiri zanu ndi makampani omwe simukudalira. Komabe, kaya ndi boma kapena federal, bwana wanu, kapena makasitomala anu ogula zakudya m'makampani anu, makalata anu ali kunja uko ndipo muyenera kuyesetsa kuti mukhale odziwa bwino komanso ophunzitsidwa momwe akugwiritsidwira ntchito ndipo ngati izo zikusokonezedwa mwanjira iliyonse.
Ponena za ufulu umene PATRIOT Act unachotsamo ndi mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zaperekedwa kwa ogwira ntchito zalamulo zotsutsana ndi Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, ndi udindo wanu kukhala nzika yodziwa bwino ndi kuyankhula maganizo anu ndi mavoti anu . Ngati muli ndi nkhawa, muyenera kulemba kapena kuitana Wonenere wa ku United States kapena Senator ndikufotokozera.
Chitani zolemba zapanyumba zanu kutsogolo kuti mutsimikizire kuti mumasankha bwino, ndipo onetsetsani kuti nthawi zonse muwone ma data monga mabanki anu a banki ndi mbiri ya ngongole kuti muwone kuti ali olondola ndipo sanasokonezedwe mwanjira iliyonse.