Kodi Mafilimu Amtundu wa Cascading ndi ati?
Mawebusaiti ali ndi zigawo zingapo, kuphatikizapo zithunzi, malemba, ndi malemba osiyanasiyana. Mapepalawa samangophatikizapo omwe angakhale okhudzana ndi masamba osiyana, monga ma fayilo a PDF, komanso malemba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumanganso masambawo, monga malemba a HTML kuti adziwe momwe mapepala alili komanso tsamba la CSS (Cascading Style Sheet). kulamula kuyang'ana kwa tsamba. Nkhaniyi idzayang'ana mu CSS, yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso komwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa webusaiti lero.
Mbiri ya CSS Mbiri
CSS inakhazikitsidwa koyamba mu 1997 monga njira kwa otukuka pa intaneti kuti afotokoze maonekedwe a masamba omwe adalenga. Cholinga chake chinali kulola akatswiri a pawebusaiti kuti azilekanitsa zomwe zilipo ndi maonekedwe a webusaiti ya webusaiti kuchokera pa zojambulajambula, zomwe sizinachitikepo nthawi isanafike.
Kulekana kwa kapangidwe ndi kachitidwe kamapangitsa HTML kupanga ntchito zambiri zomwe poyamba zinakhazikitsidwa - kugawidwa kwa zinthu, popanda kudandaula za kapangidwe ndi kachitidwe ka tsambalo, chomwe chimadziwika kuti "kuyang'ana ndi kumverera" wa tsamba.
CSS sanapindulidwe mpaka patadutsa 2000, pamene osatsegula ma webusaiti anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri kuposa zilembo zoyambirira ndi mtundu wa chinenero ichi. Masiku ano, asakatuli amakono amathandizira gawo lonse la CSS, ambiri a CSS Level 2, ndipo ngakhale mbali zambiri za CSS Level 3. Pamene CSS ikupitirizabe kusintha ndipo mawonekedwe atsopano akuyambitsidwa, webusaitiyi ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma modules omwe amabweretsa chithandizo chatsopano cha CSS m'masakatuli awo ndipo amapanga ma webusaitiwa zatsopano zopangira zojambula zogwirira ntchito.
Mu (zaka zambiri) zapitazo, panali osankha ma intaneti omwe anakana kugwiritsa ntchito CSS kuti apangidwe ndi mawebusaiti, koma zomwezo ndizochoka koma zachokera ku makampani lero. CSS tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa webusaiti ndipo mungakakamizedwe kupeza aliyense wogwira ntchito mu makampani lero omwe alibe chidziwitso chachikulu cha chinenero ichi.
CSS ndizochitika
Monga tanenera kale, mawu akuti CSS amaimira "Chikhomo Chodutsa." Tiyeni tisiye mawuwa pang'ono kuti tifotokoze bwino zomwe malembawa amachita.
Mawu akuti "pepala lamasewero" amatanthauza chikalata chomwecho (monga HTML, maofesi a CSS ndi malemba okha omwe angasinthidwe ndi mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana). Mapepala apangidwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zikalata kwa zaka zambiri. Ndizo zenizeni zenizeni za dongosolo, kaya ndi kusindikiza kapena pa intaneti. Olemba mapulogalamu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mapepala apamwamba kuti agwiritse ntchito kuti mapangidwe awo amasindikizidwa ndendende ndi zomwe akunena. Tsamba lamasamba la tsamba la webusaiti limapanga cholinga chomwecho, koma ndi ntchito yowonjezeranso yolankhulirana ndi mawonekedwe a webusaiti momwe angaperekere chilembacho. Masiku ano, mapepala amtundu wa CSS angagwiritsenso ntchito mauthenga a media kuti asinthe momwe tsamba limawonera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake . Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri chifukwa zimalola kuti lemba limodzi la HTML likhale losiyana malinga ndi chinsalu chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kusuta ndilo gawo lapadera kwambiri la mawu akuti "chikhomo chodutsa". Fayilo yamakina a intaneti ndi cholinga chokwera mumasewera angapo mu pepala, ngati mtsinje pamwamba pa mathithi. Madzi mumtsinje amakantha miyala yonse m'mapiri, koma okhawo pansi amakhudza kumene madzi akuyenda. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kutuluka m'mapepala a ma siteti.
Tsamba lililonse la webusaiti limakhudzidwa ndi pepala limodzi, ngakhale ngati webusaitiyi sakugwiritsa ntchito mafashoni. Pepala lamasewera ndi pepala lojambula wothandizira - amadziwikanso ngati mafayilo osasinthika amene osatsegulawo akugwiritsa ntchito kusonyeza tsamba ngati palibe malangizo ena omwe amaperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mwachindunji ma hyperlink ali ojambula mu buluu ndipo amatsindika. Zojambulazo zimachokera ku tsamba lasakatuli lamasewera. Ngati webusaiti womanga imapereka malangizo ena, komabe, osatsegulayo ayenera kudziwa zomwe malangizo amatsogolera. Masakatuli onse ali ndi zojambula zawo zosasinthika, koma zambiri mwazimenezo (monga mabungwe olembetsera malemba a buluu) zimagawidwa pazomwe zilipo kapena masakatuli akuluakulu.
Kwa chitsanzo china cha osatsegula chosasinthika, mu msakatuli wanga, positi yosintha ndi " Times New Roman " yomwe imawonetsedwa pa kukula kwake 16. Pafupi ndi masamba omwe ndimayendera amawonetsera muzolemba za banjalo ndi kukula kwake, komabe. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mfutiyi imatanthawuza kuti mapepala achiwiri, omwe amaikidwa ndi ojambula okha, kuti aziwongolera kukula kwa mausitoma ndi banja, akuposa zofufuzira zanga. Mafilimu amtundu uliwonse omwe mumapanga pa tsamba la webusaiti adzakhala ndi zovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi mafayilo osakanikirana ndi osatsegula, kotero kuti zolakwikazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pepala lanu lamasewera silikuwaposa. Ngati mukufuna kuti maulendo akhale a buluu ndi kutsindika, simukusowa kuchita chilichonse kuyambira pomwe sizingatheke, koma ngati fayilo ya CSS yanu ya intaneti imanena kuti zogwirizanitsa ziyenera kukhala zobiriwira, mtundu umenewo udzasokoneza bluu losasintha. Mzere womveka pansi umakhalabe mu chitsanzo ichi, popeza simunafotokoze mosiyana.
Kodi CSS ili kuti?
CSS ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kufotokoza momwe tsamba la intaneti liyenera kuyang'anirana pamene likuwonetsedwa muzofalitsa zina kuposa msakatuli. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kupanga pepala lojambula pamanja lomwe lidzatanthauzire momwe tsamba la webusaiti liyenera kusindikizira. Chifukwa tsamba la webusaiti lili ngati mabatani oyendetsa kapena mawonekedwe a intaneti sangakhale ndi cholinga pamasamba osindikizidwa, Tsamba la Zopangidwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito "kutseka" malo omwe tsamba lidasindikizidwa. Ngakhale sizinali zachizoloŵezi pa malo ambiri, mwayi wosankha mapepala olemba mapepala ndi amphamvu komanso okongola (pazochitika zanga - akatswiri ambiri a webusaiti samangochita izi chifukwa chakuti malo a bajeti sakufuna kuti ntchito yowonjezera ichitike ).
N'chifukwa chiyani CSS ndi yofunikira?
CSS ndi chimodzi mwa zida zamphamvu kwambiri wolemba webusaiti angaphunzire chifukwa ndi momwe mungakhudzire mawonekedwe onse a webusaitiyi. Mafilimu olembedwa bwino angathe kusinthidwa mofulumira ndikulola malo kusintha zinthu zomwe zikuwonekera pazenera, zomwe zimawonetsanso kuti ndizofunika komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa alendo, popanda kusintha kulikonse komwe kumayenera kupangidwira kusemphana kwa HTML.
Vuto lalikulu la CSS ndiloti pali pangТono kuphunzira - ndipo osasintha akusintha tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimagwira bwino lero sizikhoza kukhala zanzeru mawa ngati miyambo yatsopano imathandizidwa ndipo ena amasiyidwa kapena kutaya chifukwa cha zifukwa zina .
Chifukwa CSS ingawononge ndikugwirizanitsa, ndikuwona momwe mausakatuli amatha kumasulira ndikugwiritsira ntchito malangizo mosiyana, CSS ikhoza kukhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa HTML yosamvetsetseka. CSS imasinthiranso m'masakatuli m'njira imene HTML siilili. Mukangoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito CSS, muwona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamasitala kukupatsani kusintha kosavuta momwe mumasambira masamba a pa webusaiti ndikufotokozera maonekedwe awo ndikumverera. Ali panjira, iwe udzasunga "thumba lachinyengo" la mafashoni ndi njira zomwe zakhala zikukugwiritsani ntchito kale lomwe ndi zomwe mungathe kubwereranso pamene mukupanga ma webusaiti atsopano m'tsogolomu.
Nkhani yoyamba ndi Jennifer Krynin. Yosinthidwa ndi Jeremy Girard pa 7/5/17,