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Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mmodzi mwa Zinthu Zowonongeka Kwambiri ku Audio Electronics
Pamene ndinali kuphunzira zofunikira za audio, imodzi mwa mfundo zomwe zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti ndizimvetse zinali impedance yotulutsa katundu. Mpweya wamkati umene ndimamvetsa mwachibadwa, kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha wokamba nkhani . Ndipotu, woyendetsa galasi amakhala ndi waya wonyamulira, ndipo ndimadziwa kuti waya wothandizira amatsutsa magetsi. Koma mpikisano wamtundu? Chifukwa chiyani pulojekiti kapena chithunzithunzi chinkakhala ndi mphulupulu yomwe imatulutsa, ndinadzifunsa kuti? Kodi sizingatheke kupereka volt iliyonse ndikumangirira kulikonse komwe ikuyendetsa galimoto?
M'makambirano anga ndi owerenga komanso okonda kupyolera muzaka, ndakhala ndikuzindikira kuti sindinali ndekha amene sanatenge lingaliro lonse la kutuluka kwa mpweya. Kotero ine ndimaganiza kuti zingakhale zabwino kupanga choyambira pa phunzirolo. M'nkhani ino, ndichita zinthu zitatu zomwe zimakhala zosiyana komanso zowoneka mosiyana kwambiri: preamps, amps ndi headphone amps.
Choyamba, tiyeni tibwereze mwachidule lingaliro la kusowa kwachisokonezo . Kukaniza ndikulingana ndi momwe chinthu chimachepetsa kutuluka kwa magetsi a DC. Kutengeka ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi, koma ndi AC m'malo mwa DC. Kawirikawiri, mphulupulu ya chigawochi idzasintha pamene nthawi zambiri magetsi amatha kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, kachipangizo kakang'ono ka waya kamakhala ndi nthendayi pafupi ndi 1 Hz koma kutsika kwapakati pa 100 kHz. A capacitor angakhale ndi mphulupulu pafupifupi 1 Hz koma pafupifupi impedance palibe 100 kHz.
Kutuluka kwa mpweya wamtunduwu ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya pakati pa chithunzithunzi choyambirira kapena zipangizo zamagetsi (zomwe zimakhala zozizira, koma mwina zotembenuza kapena chubu) komanso zowonongeka zowonjezerapo. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutuluka kwa mkati mwa chipangizo chomwecho.
Nchifukwa Chiyani Mukufunikira Kutengeka Kwambiri?
Ndiye bwanji chigawochi chikhoza kukhala ndi mpweya wotuluka? Mbali zambiri, ndizozitetezera kuti zisawonongeke kuchokera ku ma ciriti.
Chida chilichonse chogwiritsira ntchito chilibe malire pa kuchuluka kwa magetsi omwe angagwire. Ngati chiwonongeko cha chipangizocho chifupika, akufunsidwa kuti apereke ndalama zambiri zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero cha 2.83-volt chiwonetsero chidzabweretsa ma-ammita 0,35 ndi 1 watt amphamvu mu ojambula 8-ohm. Palibe vuto pamenepo. Koma ngati waya wokhala ndi 0.01 ohm impedance inagwirizanitsidwa pamagetsi otulutsira katundu, chiwerengero chomwecho chochokera ku 2,83-volt chidzabweretsa mavoti 282.7 ndi mphamvu 800 zamtundu. Ndi kutali kwambiri, kuposa momwe ambiri opangira zipangizo angathe kuperekera. Pokhapokha amp amphamvu ali ndi chitetezo choyendetsa dera kapena chipangizo, ndiye kuti chipangizo chotulutsa katundu chidzatha ndipo chidzawonongeka mwamuyaya. Ndipo eya, izo zingakhoze ngakhale kugwira moto.
Ndili ndi nthendayi yambiri yomwe imapangidwira, zotsatira zake zimakhala zotetezedwa kwambiri pa maulendo ang'onoting'ono, chifukwa chiwonongeko chotuluka m'thupi chimakhala nthawi zonse. Nenani kuti muli ndi makutu akuluakulu omwe mumakhala ndi ma ola 30m, mukuyendetsa mapepala a 32-ohm, ndipo mumachepetsa chingwe chakumutu pogwiritsa ntchito lumo. Mutha kuchoka ku msampha wa ma 62 ohms mpaka kufika pamtundu wonse wa 30.01 ohms, zomwe sizinthu zazikulu. Mosakayikira kwambiri mopitirira malire kuposa kupita kuchokera 8 ohms mpaka 0.01 ohms.
Kodi Pangakhale Pansi Pomwe Kupitilira Kuyenera Kukhala?
Lamulo lalikulu la thumb mu audio ndiloti mukufuna kuti chiwongoladzanja chikhale chocheperachepera 10 kuposa momwe mungayidyerere. Mwanjira imeneyi, chiwonongeko cha mpweya sichikhala ndi zotsatira zogwira ntchito. Ngati kutuluka kwa mpweya kumakhala kochulukitsa ka 10 nthawi yomwe imatha kudyetsa, mukhoza kupeza mavuto angapo.
Ndi makompyuta aliwonse a audio, ndi-high-output impedance angayambe kusokoneza zotsatira zomwe zimachititsa kuti phokoso likhale lopweteka kwambiri, komanso zimachepetsanso mphamvu zochepa. Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa zochitikazi, onani ndondomeko yanga yoyamba ndi yachiwiri yokhudza momwe zingwe zoyankhulira zingakhudzire khalidwe lakumveka.
Ndi amplifiers, pali vuto lina. Pamene amplifier akuyendetsa kambilankhani patsogolo kapena kumbuyo, kukankhira kwa wokamba nkhani kumapangitsa kondomu kubwerera ku malo ake. Izi zimapangitsa mpweya umene umatulutsidwa kumbuyo pa amplifier. (Chodabwitsa ichi chikudziwika kuti "EMF kumbuyo" kapena mphamvu yotsitsimutsa magetsi.) Ngati mpweya wamtunduwu umakhala wotsika mokwanira, umatha kuthamangira ku EMF komweko ndikuchita ngati kuti waswa pang'onopang'ono. Ngati mpweya wamtunduwu umakhala wotsika kwambiri, sungathe kuimitsa khunyu, ndipo phokoso lidzapitirirabe kumbuyo mpaka phokoso litatha. Izi zimapangitsa kuti malipiro amveke ndipo amalembera nthawi pambuyo poti ayesedwe.
Mukhoza kuwona izi muzomwe zimapangidwira za amplifiers. Choponderezeka ndi chiwerengero chokhazikika chomwe chimaperekedwa (8 ohms) chogawidwa ndi mpweya wotuluka mkati mwa amp amp. Oposa chiwerengerocho, ndibwino kuti chiwonongeko chikhale chabwino.
Zowonjezeretsa Zolemba Zowonjezera
Popeza tikukamba za amps, tiyeni tiyambe ndi chitsanzo chimenechi, chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pajambula pamwambapa. Mipikisano yamalankhula imayendera 6 mpaka 10 ohms, koma ndizovuta kuti okamba apite ku 3 ohms impedance pafupipafupi, komanso 2 ohms nthawi zina. Ngati muthamanga okamba awiri pofanana, monga opangira mwambo nthawi zambiri amachita popanga ma audio multi-audio , omwe amachepetsa mpweya wotsika pakati, kutanthauza wokamba nkhani omwe amathira 2 ohms pa, amati, 100 Hz tsopano amangirira ku 1 ohm pafupipafupi inayanjanirana ndi wolankhula wina wofanana. Izi ndizovuta, ndithudi, koma opanga mapulojekiti amayenera kuwerengera milandu yotereyi kapena angakhale akukumana ndi mulu waukulu wa amps akukonzekera.
Ngati timakhala ndi mpweya wosachepera wa 1 ohm, zikutanthauza kuti amp amphamvu ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wosapitirira 0,1 ohm. Mwachiwonekere, palibe malo okwanira mokwanira kutsutsana ndi zotsatirazi za amp amphamvu kuti apereke zipangizo zipangizo zina zotetezera.
Choncho, amplifier ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha mtundu wina. Icho chingakhale chinachake chomwe chikutsatira zamakono zamakono zomwe zimatulutsa ndikuchotsa zotsatira zake ngati zojambula zamakono zili zazikulu kwambiri. Kapena zikhoza kukhala zosavuta ngati fuse kapena osokoneza dera pa mzere wa mphamvu wotsatira wa AC kapena mizere ya magetsi. Izi zimachotsa magetsi pomwe makina omwe alipo tsopano ndi oposa amp amp angathe kuthana nawo.
Zomwe zili choncho, pafupifupi onse amphamvu amphamvu omwe amagwiritsira ntchito chubu amagwiritsira ntchito makina osokoneza bongo, ndipo chifukwa zotulutsa zowonjezera zimangokhala zingwe za waya atakulungidwa ndi chitsulo chamatabwa, ali ndi mphulupulu yawo, nthawi zina ngati 0.5 ohm kapena kuposa. Kwenikweni, kuti amve phokoso la chubu amphamvu kwambiri mu amphamvu yake yotchedwa Sunfire (transistor) amplifiers, wojambula wotchuka Bob Carver anawonjezera "kusintha" komwe kunayambitsa 1-ohm kukakamiza mndandanda ndi zotsatira zopangidwa. Inde, izi zinaphwanya chiĊµerengero cha 1-to-10 chiwerengero cha mpweya wamtunduwu woyembekezeredwa kuyembekezera kutengeka kwachitsulo komwe tinakambirana pamwambapa, ndipo motero kunakhudza kwambiri kuyankha kwafupipafupi kwa wolumikizana, koma ndizo zomwe mumapeza ndi zambiri zamagetsi ndi ndi zomwe Carver ankafuna kuti achite.
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Chithunzithunzi / Chitsime Chachidutswa Chachidindo cha Chipangizo
Ndi chithunzithunzi kapena chipangizo chochokera (CD chosewera, bokosi la chingwe, etc.), monga momwe tawonetsera pa chithunzi pamwambapa, ndizosiyana. Pankhaniyi, simusamala za mphamvu kapena zamakono. Zonse zomwe mukufunikira kuti muwonetse chizindikiro cha audio ndi voltage. Choncho, chida chotsika chotsika - mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu, pa chithunzithunzi cha preamp, kapena chithunzithunzi, pa chitsimikizo cha chipangizo chachinsinsi - chingakhale ndi mpumulo wapamwamba wothandizira. Zomwe zilipo pakadutsa mzerewu zatsala pang'ono kutsekedwa ndi mpweya wabwino, koma magetsi amatha bwino.
Kwa amps ambiri amphamvu ndi preamps, kuperewera kwa chithandizo cha 10 mpaka 100 kilohms ndi wamba. Akatswiri amatha kupita pamwamba, koma amatha kumva phokoso. Mwachidziwikire, guitar amps amakhala ndi mitsempha yoperewera ya 250 kilohms ku 1 megohm, chifukwa magetsi galimoto pickups kawirikawiri zimakhala mitambo kuchokera 3 mpaka 10 kilohms.
Maulendo ang'onoang'ono akhoza kukhala osiyana ndi maulendo a pamzere, chifukwa ndi zophweka kuti aphwanyule ovala awiri amaliseche a pulasitiki ya RCA motsutsana ndi chitsulo chimene chikuwafupikitsa. Choncho, mpweya wamtundu wa 100 ohms kapena zambiri ndi wamba pa preamps ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Ndinawona zigawo zochepa zokhazokha, zam'mapamwamba ndi zitsulo zamtunduwu zomwe zimachokera kumtunda mpaka 2 ohms, koma izi zidzakhala ndi katundu wolemera kwambiri wotuluka transistors kapena chitetezo chozungulira kuteteza kuwonongeka kwa akabudula. Nthawi zina, iwo akhoza kukhala ndi coupling capacitor pamtunduwu kuti atseke DC voltage ndi kuteteza zotsatira zowonongeka kwa chipangizo.
Phono preamps ndi nkhani yosiyana. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makasitomala ofanana ndi a CD, zosokonekera zawo zotsutsana ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimayambira kutsogolo. Ndizovuta kwambiri kulowa muno. Mwinamwake ine ndikufukula mu phunziro lina mu nkhani ina.
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Kumvetsera Amp Output Impedance
Kuwonjezeka kwa kutchuka kwa headphones kwachititsa kuti mapulaneti amtundu wosasinthasintha, omwe sakhala ofanana ndi omwe amachititsa kuti mafilimu apamtima ayambe kuwonekera. Mosiyana ndi mapulogalamu ochiritsira, amtundu wa headphone amabwera m'mitsinje yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ma amps apamwamba otsika mtengo, monga omwe amamanga makompyuta ambiri a pakompyuta, akhoza kukhala ndi mpweya wopitirira 75 kapena 100 ohms, ngakhale mpweya wamakono umakhala pakati pa 16 mpaka 70 ohms.
Zimakhala zosavuta kuti ogula athetsere ndi kukambiranso oyankhula pamene amphamvu ikuyenda, komanso kawirikawiri kuti zipangizo zoyankhulira ziwonongeke pamene amphamvu ikuyenda. Koma ndi matelofoni, zinthu izi zimachitika nthawi zonse. Anthu nthawi zonse amagwirizanitsa kapena kutulutsa makutu a m'manja pamene chikwangwani chamagetsi chimatha. Zipangizo zam'mutu zimangowonongeka - nthawizina zimakhala zochepa - pamene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zoonadi, maamboni ochuluka kwambiri amatenga zipangizo zotsika mtengo, zomwe zingapangitse kuwonjezera mtengo wabwino wotetezera dera-choletsedwa. Kotero opanga ambiri amachotsa njira yosavuta: Amakweza mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wowonjezereka mwa kuwonjezera kukana (kapena nthawi zina capacitor).
Monga momwe mungathe kuwonera m'makutu anga achimake (pitani ku graph yachiwiri), kutuluka kwakukulu kwa mpweya kumakhala ndi zotsatira zowonongeka kwa selophone. Ndiyesa kufotokoza kawirikawiri kamvekedwe koyamba ndi nyimbo ya Musical Fidelity headphone amp yomwe imakhala ndi mpweya wokwanira 5-ohm, kenaka ndi ma 70 ohms ophatikizidwe owonjezeredwa kuti apangitse chiwonongeko chokwanira cha 75 ohms.
Zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi chingwe chotetezera mutu, makamaka ndi kusintha kwa chingwe chakumutu kwa maulendo osiyanasiyana. Mafoni a m'manja omwe ali ndi mphulupulu yaikulu imasintha - monga zitsanzo zamakono zamakono zomwe zimakhala ndi magalimoto oyendetsa bwino - nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu pamayendedwe kawirikawiri mukasintha kuchokera ku amp amp ochepa omwe amachokera kumalo omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino. Kawirikawiri, kamutu kamene kamakhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi kamene imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsime chochepa chotsika chotuluka m'thupi chidzakhala ndi malire otsika, osasinthasintha ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chitsime chachikulu.
Mwamwayi, mpweya wotsika wamtunduwu umapezeka m'mapikisoni ambiri otchuka (makamaka otchuka kwambiri), komanso zina zapopopi zazikulu zopangidwa ndi zipangizo monga iPhones. Kawirikawiri palibe njira yodziwira ngati sewero likulankhulidwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito ndizitali kapena zochepa zomwe zimatulutsidwa, koma ndimakonda kusungira kutsika kwapadera kwa zifukwa zomwe tazitchula poyamba.
Ndingasankhe kuti ndisagwiritse ntchito makompyuta pamutu wamakono omwe amachititsa kuti machitidwe afupipafupi asinthe pamene agwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mamembala ammutu omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri (monga wina pa laputopu ndikulemba izi). Komabe, mwatsoka, ndimakonda kumvetsera phokoso lamakono pamutu wamakono kumagetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madalaivala amphamvu, kotero ndikamagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta awa ndi laputopu yanga, ndimakonda kugwirizanitsa zamtundu wamkati kapena USB headphone amp / DAC.
Ndikudziwa kuti izi zakhala zotsitsimutsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zikomo chifukwa chochita nane, ndipo ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena ngati ndasiya chinachake, nditumizireni imelo ndipo mundidziwitse.